neurocognitive impairment
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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Jingyuan Xie ◽  
Danielle Penney ◽  
Lisa Bihl ◽  
Niklas Hlubek ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Meta-analyses agree that depression is characterized by neurocognitive dysfunctions relative to nonclinical controls. These deficits allegedly stem from impairments in functionally corresponding brain areas. Increasingly, studies suggest that some performance deficits are in part caused by negative task-taking attitudes such as poor motivation or the presence of distracting symptoms. A pilot study confirmed that these factors mediate neurocognitive deficits in depression. The validity of these results is however questionable given they were based solely on self-report measures. The present study addresses this caveat by having examiners assess influences during a neurocognitive examination, which were concurrently tested for their predictive value on performance. Methods Thirty-three patients with depression and 36 healthy controls were assessed on a battery of neurocognitive tests. The examiner completed the Impact on Performance Scale, a questionnaire evaluating mediating influences that may impact performance. Results On average, patients performed worse than controls at a large effect size. When the total score of the Impact on Performance Scale was accounted for by mediation analysis and analyses of covariance, group differences were reduced to a medium effect size. A total of 30% of patients showed impairments of at least one standard deviation below the mean. Conclusions This study confirms that neurocognitive impairment in depression is likely overestimated; future studies should consider fair test-taking conditions. We advise researchers to report percentages of patients showing performance deficits rather than relying solely on overall group differences. This prevents fostering the impression that the majority of patients exert deficits, when in fact deficits are only true for a subgroup.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Ellis ◽  
Ahmed Chenna ◽  
Christos J. Petropoulos ◽  
Yolanda Lie ◽  
Dusica Curanovic ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haimeng Bai ◽  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Asha R. Kallianpur ◽  
Todd Hulgan ◽  
Donald R. Franklin ◽  
...  

A common two-exon deletion distinguishes the gene encoding the free hemoglobin capturing protein—haptoglobin (HP)–into two alleles: HP1 and HP2. To evaluate the impact of this copy number variant (CNV) on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people living with HIV, we imputed this variant in 432 European-descent (EUR) and 491 African-descent (AFR) participants from the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research Study using an optimized imputation pipeline and evaluated its associations with NCI. At baseline, in AFR, the HP2 allele decreased the odds of NCI (defined by a global deficit score, GDS, ⩾0.5; Odds Ratio, OR = 0.584, p = 0.022). However, in EUR, HP2 increased the odds (OR = 2.081, p = 0.040) of NCI suggesting a detrimental effect. These effects were extended to longitudinal analyses using repeated measurements where the protective effect of the HP2 allele in AFR became marginally significant (p = 0.054) and in EUR the detrimental effect increased in significance (p = 0.037). In EUR, the HP2 allele slightly reduced the risk of NCI over time (OR = 0.028 per allele per year, p = 0.024). Further analyses of cognitive domain-specific impairment revealed that the HP-NCI effect was based on changes in learning, speed of information processing, and verbal domains over time differing by ancestry groups. Overall, these findings suggest that these functional HP CNV alleles influence the likelihood of NCI and contribute to changes in neurocognitive function over time in people living with HIV.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. e2138515
Author(s):  
Dibyadyuti Datta ◽  
Paul Bangirana ◽  
Robert O. Opoka ◽  
Andrea L. Conroy ◽  
Katrina Co ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Shiying Yuan ◽  
Xiaoxiao Chen ◽  
Haijiang Lin ◽  
Ruizi Shi ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  

HIV Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanhathai Kaewpoowat ◽  
Amaraporn Rerkasem ◽  
Kittipan Rerkasem ◽  
Kevin R. Robertson ◽  
Stephen L. Aita ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vurayai Ruhanya ◽  
Graeme B. Jacobs ◽  
Robert H. Paul ◽  
John A. Joska ◽  
Soraya Seedat ◽  
...  

Diabetes Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. dc210955
Author(s):  
Jonas Ghouse ◽  
Gustav Ahlberg ◽  
Henning Bundgaard ◽  
Morten S. Olesen

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis M. Scott ◽  
Julia Arnsten ◽  
James Patrick Olsen ◽  
Franchesca Arias ◽  
Chinazo O. Cunningham ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Medications for opioid use disorder such as opioid agonist treatment (OAT, including methadone, buprenorphine) are the gold standard intervention for opioid use disorder (OUD). Persons with OUD have high rates of neurocognitive impairment and psychiatric and substance use disorders, but few studies have examined these characteristics in diverse patients initiating OAT in opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Additionally, in these individuals, poor neurocognitive functioning and psychiatric/other substance use disorders are associated with poor OUD treatment outcomes. Given rapid changes in the opioid epidemic, we sought to replicate findings from our pilot study by examining these characteristics in a large diverse sample of persons with OUD starting OTP-based OAT. Methods Ninety-seven adults with OUD (M age = 42.2 years [SD = 10.3]; M education = 11.4 years [SD = 2.3]; 27% female; 22% non-Hispanic white) were enrolled in a randomized longitudinal trial evaluating methadone versus buprenorphine/naloxone on neurocognitive functioning. All participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive, psychiatric, and substance use evaluation within one week of initiating OAT. Results Most of the sample met criteria for learning (79%) or memory (69%) impairment. Half exhibited symptoms of current depression, and comorbid substance use was highly prevalent. Lifetime cannabis and cocaine use disorders were associated with better neurocognitive functioning, while depression was associated with worse neurocognitive functioning. Conclusions Learning and memory impairment are highly prevalent in persons with OUD starting treatment with either methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone in OTPs. Depression and comorbid substance use are prevalent among these individuals, but neither impact learning or memory. However, depression is associated with neurocognitive impairment in other domains. These findings might allow clinicians to help persons with OUD starting OAT to develop compensatory strategies for learning and memory, while providing adjunctive treatment for depression. Trial Registration NCT, NCT01733693. Registered November 4, 2012, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01733693.


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