Reflecting on Your Reflection: Examining the Effect of a Non-Reversing Mirror on Self Perception

Aesthetic Surgery Journal ◽

10.1093/asj/sjab179 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Russell S Frautschi ◽

Lynn M Orfahli ◽

James E Zins

Keyword(s):

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

Qualitative Difference ◽

Mirror Image ◽

Communication Tool ◽

Self Perception ◽

Photographic Images ◽

Signed Rank ◽

Chi Squared ◽

The Face ◽

Physician Patient

Abstract Background Photographic images can clash markedly with patients’ self-perception. Individuals are more familiar with their mirror image, where their facial asymmetries are reversed. A non-reversing mirror (NRM) allows patients to see their dynamic non-reversed image and familiarize themselves with how they appear in photographs and to others. Objectives We aim to explore the effect that a non-reversing mirror has on facial self-perception and if it changes an individuals goals when considering cosmetic surgery. Methods Individuals (n=30) filled out portions of the FACE-Q™ after inspecting their reflections in a non-reversing mirror and in a standard mirror for 30 seconds each. Following both, investigators asked qualitative questions comparing the two mirrors. Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann Whitney U, and Pearson’s Chi-squared tests were performed for analysis. Results Participants scored significantly better on the FACE-Q™ Age Appraisal and Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress when using a standard mirror vs. NRM (p=0.007 and 0.001, respectively). Qualitatively, most reported that their faces seemed less symmetric and less balanced (73% and 53%, respectively) in the NRM. Overall, 83.3% reported seeing a qualitative difference in their appearance, with 30% endorsing that looking in the NRM had changed their facial aesthetic goals. Conclusions A NRM can bridge between the familiarity of the patient’s reversed reflection and their less-familiar, non-reversed true image. It may serve as a useful physician-patient communication tool when discussing goals and expectations for facial aesthetic procedures.

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COSMETIC SURGERY OF THE FACE AND NECK

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/00006534-196105000-00006 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 544-550 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

W. JOHN PANGMAN ◽

ROBERT M. WALLACE

Keyword(s):

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

The Face

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Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Younger Children (P-PSC-C): A Feasibility Study

Journal of Motor Learning and Development ◽

10.1123/jmld.2016-0088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (s2) ◽

pp. S391-S402 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maike Tietjens ◽

Dennis Dreiskaemper ◽

Till Utesch ◽

Nadja Schott ◽

Lisa M. Barnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Motor Development ◽

Kindergarten Children ◽

Face Validity ◽

Self Concept ◽

Self Perception ◽

Gross Motor Development ◽

The Face ◽

Age Appropriate ◽

The One

Children’s self-perception of motor skills and physical fitness is said to be an important mediator between skills and physical fitness on the one hand and physical activity on the other hand. An age-appropriate self-perception scale is needed to understand the development and the differentiation of the physical self-concept of children and its components. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a pictorial scale of physical fitness for pre-school children (3–6 years old), and (2) to describe the face validity and feasibility of the scale. The study sample included 27 kindergarten children. In order to determine the psychometric properties, validity was assessed by administrating the Pictorial Scale for Physical Self-Concept in Kindergarten Children (P-PSC-C) compared with children’s fundamental movement skill competency (Test of Gross Motor Development [TGMD]-3; six locomotor and seven object-control skills), height, weight, and demographics. The face validity was favorable. Expectable negatively skewed response distributions were found in all items. Medium correlations with related constructs and with sport enjoyment were found. The results indicate that the new scale is usable for kindergarten children. Future validation studies are needed so that the new scale can contribute to the research about physical self-concept development in kindergarten children.

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NetFACS: Using network science to understand facial communication systems

Behavior Research Methods ◽

10.3758/s13428-021-01692-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Mielke ◽

Bridget M. Waller ◽

Claire Pérez ◽

Alan V. Rincon ◽

Julie Duboscq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Network Science ◽

Coding System ◽

Communication Tool ◽

Resampling Methods ◽

Facial Movements ◽

The Face ◽

Analyse Data ◽

And Function

AbstractUnderstanding facial signals in humans and other species is crucial for understanding the evolution, complexity, and function of the face as a communication tool. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) enables researchers to measure facial movements accurately, but we currently lack tools to reliably analyse data and efficiently communicate results. Network analysis can provide a way to use the information encoded in FACS datasets: by treating individual AUs (the smallest units of facial movements) as nodes in a network and their co-occurrence as connections, we can analyse and visualise differences in the use of combinations of AUs in different conditions. Here, we present ‘NetFACS’, a statistical package that uses occurrence probabilities and resampling methods to answer questions about the use of AUs, AU combinations, and the facial communication system as a whole in humans and non-human animals. Using highly stereotyped facial signals as an example, we illustrate some of the current functionalities of NetFACS. We show that very few AUs are specific to certain stereotypical contexts; that AUs are not used independently from each other; that graph-level properties of stereotypical signals differ; and that clusters of AUs allow us to reconstruct facial signals, even when blind to the underlying conditions. The flexibility and widespread use of network analysis allows us to move away from studying facial signals as stereotyped expressions, and towards a dynamic and differentiated approach to facial communication.

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Regional Anesthesia for Cosmetic Surgery of the Face and Neck

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-21837-8_6 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 79-85

Author(s):

Arnaud Deleuze ◽

Marc Gentili ◽

Francis Bonnet

Keyword(s):

Regional Anesthesia ◽

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

The Face

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Open Eyebrow Correction

10.2310/ps.10042 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jason Gardenier ◽

Daniel Driscoll

Keyword(s):

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

Upper Eyelid ◽

Endoscopic Techniques ◽

Less Invasive ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Brow Lift ◽

Brow Ptosis ◽

Facial Plastic ◽

The Face ◽

Chemical Denervation

The open brow lift is a powerful tool for facial rejuvenation of the upper third of the face which can address rhytids, upper eyelid hooding, and brow ptosis. With a history dating back over a hundred years, a variety of techniques have been described including coronal, pretrichial, mid-forehead, direct supraciliary, and transpalpebral brow lifts. These vary in terms of invasiveness and the ideal approach is determined by patient age, sex, symmetry, and anterior hairline characteristics. While endoscopic techniques became popular in the 1990s based on novelty, smaller incisions, less post-scar numbness, and a perception of less invasive nature, this technique’s popularity has diminished recently and less invasive open approaches have become more popular. Recent years have seen the numbers of all forms of brow lift become less common as neuromodulators, such as botulinum toxin, allow for chemical denervation of brow depressor muscles. This has become a truly non-invasive way to address minor forms of aging of the forehead and brow. However, for advanced cases, open brow lift remains a powerful technique which should remain in the arsenal of the plastic surgeon. This review contains 3 figures, 2 tables, and 39 references. Keywords: cosmetic surgery, facial plastic surgery, facial aging, brow ptosis, rhytids, facial nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve

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Our Big Hearts

The Blind Storyteller ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190061920.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 150-174

Author(s):

Iris Berent

Keyword(s):

Scientific Literature ◽

Opportunity To Learn ◽

Mirror Image ◽

The Body ◽

Affective Science ◽

Innate Ideas ◽

The Face

Can you tell what a stranger feels just by looking at their face? Could you distinguish fear from anger even in a person from an entirely unfamiliar culture (without having the opportunity to learn about it from experience)? Laypeople assume they can, because they believe that emotions are inborn, and they are universally imprinted on the body, both externally, on the face, and internally (I sense anxiety in the rumbling of my gut). In fact, people believe that emotions are innate precisely because they believe that emotions are “in the body.” So strong is their conviction that they will insist on their belief even when told that the emotions in question are in fact acquired. Our tendency to view “warm” feelings as embodied and innate is the exact mirror image of our tendency to view “cold” concepts as ephemeral and disembodied. A review of the scientific literature reveals that similar presumptions also plague the debate on universal emotions in affective science. Chapter 10 shows how Essentialism (a principle invoked to explain our aversion to innate ideas) also promotes the promiscuous presumption of innate emotions by laypeople and scientists alike.

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