scholarly journals Sensorimotor Oscillatory Phase–Power Interaction Gates Resting Human Corticospinal Output

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3766-3777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J Hussain ◽  
Leonardo Claudino ◽  
Marlene Bönstrup ◽  
Gina Norato ◽  
Gabriel Cruciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Oscillatory Phase ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Similar Phase ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Continuous Range

Abstract Oscillatory activity within sensorimotor networks is characterized by time-varying changes in phase and power. The influence of interactions between sensorimotor oscillatory phase and power on human motor function, like corticospinal output, is unknown. We addressed this gap in knowledge by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the human motor cortex during electroencephalography recordings in 20 healthy participants. Motor evoked potentials, a measure of corticospinal excitability, were categorized offline based on the mu (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) oscillatory phase and power at the time of TMS. Phase-dependency of corticospinal excitability was evaluated across a continuous range of power levels using trial-by-trial linear mixed-effects models. For mu, there was no effect of PHASE or POWER (P > 0.51), but a significant PHASE × POWER interaction (P = 0.002). The direction of phase-dependency reversed with changing mu power levels: corticospinal output was higher during mu troughs versus peaks when mu power was high while the opposite was true when mu power was low. A similar PHASE × POWER interaction was not present for beta oscillations (P > 0.11). We conclude that the interaction between sensorimotor oscillatory phase and power gates human corticospinal output to an extent unexplained by sensorimotor oscillatory phase or power alone.

Mechanisms underlying long-interval cortical inhibition in the human motor cortex: a TMS-EEG study

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel C. Rogasch ◽  
Zafiris J. Daskalakis ◽  
Paul B. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Small Hand ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Hand Muscle ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Eeg Conditioning

Long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI) refers to suppression of neuronal activity following paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 50 and 200 ms. LICI can be measured either from motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in small hand muscles or directly from the cortex using concurrent electroencephalography (EEG). However, it remains unclear whether EEG inhibition reflects similar mechanisms to MEP inhibition. Eight healthy participants received single- and paired-pulse TMS (ISI = 100 ms) over the motor cortex. MEPs were measured from a small hand muscle (first dorsal interosseus), whereas early (P30, P60) and late (N100) TMS-evoked cortical potentials (TEPs) were measured over the motor cortex using EEG. Conditioning and test TMS intensities were altered, and modulation of LICI strength was measured using both methods. LICI of MEPs and both P30 and P60 TEPs increased in strength with increasing conditioning intensities and decreased with increasing test intensities. LICI of N100 TEPs remained unchanged across all conditions. In addition, MEP and P30 LICI strength correlated with the slope of the N100 evoked by the conditioning pulse. LICI of early and late TEP components was differentially modulated with altered TMS intensities, suggesting independent underlying mechanisms. LICI of P30 is consistent with inhibition of cortical excitation similar to MEPs, whereas LICI of N100 may reflect presynaptic autoinhibition of inhibitory interneurons. The N100 evoked by the conditioning pulse is consistent with the mechanism responsible for LICI, most likely GABAB-mediated inhibition of cortical activity.

Changes in Spinal Excitability After PAS

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 3131-3135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Meunier ◽  
Heike Russmann ◽  
Marion Simonetta-Moreau ◽  
Mark Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Stimulation ◽  
F Wave ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Spinal Excitability ◽  
Wave Size

Repetitive pairing of a peripheral stimulation with a magnetic transcortical stimulation (PAS) is widely used to induce plastic changes in the human motor cortex noninvasively. Based on the contrast between PAS-induced increase of corticospinal excitability and absence of PAS-induced increase of the spinal F wave size, it has been generally accepted that PAS-induced plasticity is cortical in origin. Here, instead of F waves, we used H reflex recruitment curves to assess spinal excitability, and we demonstrate that PAS induces parallel changes in cortical and spinal excitability.

scholarly journals Short-interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation targeting upper and lower limb muscles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting ◽  
Andrew James Thomas Stevenson ◽  
Ulf Ziemann
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Resting Motor Threshold ◽  
Abductor Digiti Minimi ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals ◽  
Motor Representations

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to study excitability of corticospinal neurons in human motor cortex. It is currently not fully elucidated if corticospinal neurons in the hand vs. leg representation show the same or different regulation of their excitability by GABAAergic and glutamatergic interneuronal circuitry. Using a paired-pulse TMS protocol we tested short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) in 18 healthy participants. Motor evoked potentials were evoked in one hand (abductor digiti minimi) and one leg muscle (tibialis anterior), with systematic variation of the intensities of the first (S1) and second (S2) pulse between 60 and 140% resting motor threshold (RMT) in 10% steps, at two interstimulus intervals of 1.5 and 2.1 ms. For the hand and leg motor representations and for both interstimulus intervals, SICI occurred if the intensities of S1 < RMT and S2 > RMT, while SICF predominated if S1 = S2 ≤ RMT, or S1 > RMT and S2 < RMT. Findings confirm and extend previous evidence that the regulation of excitability of corticospinal neurons of the hand versus leg representation in human primary cortex through GABAAergic and glutamatergic interneuronal circuits is highly similar, and that corticospinal neurons of both representations are activated by TMS transsynaptically in largely identical ways.

Enhancing Motor Brain Activity Improves Memory for Action Language: A tDCS Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Vitale ◽  
Iván Padrón ◽  
Alessio Avenanti ◽  
Manuel de Vega
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Action Language ◽  
Motor Excitability ◽  
Human Motor

Abstract The embodied cognition approach to linguistic meaning posits that action language understanding is grounded in sensory–motor systems. However, evidence that the human motor cortex is necessary for action language memory is meager. To address this issue, in two groups of healthy individuals, we perturbed the left primary motor cortex (M1) by means of either anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), before participants had to memorize lists of manual action and attentional sentences. In each group, participants received sham and active tDCS in two separate sessions. Following anodal tDCS (a-tDCS), participants improved the recall of action sentences compared with sham tDCS. No similar effects were detected following cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS). Both a-tDCS and c-tDCS induced variable changes in motor excitability, as measured by motor-evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Remarkably, across groups, action-specific memory improvements were positively predicted by changes in motor excitability. We provide evidence that excitatory modulation of the motor cortex selectively improves performance in a task requiring comprehension and memory of action sentences. These findings indicate that M1 is necessary for accurate processing of linguistic meanings and thus provide causal evidence that high-order cognitive functions are grounded in the human motor system.

scholarly journals Slow-oscillatory tACS does not modulate human motor cortical response to repeated plasticity paradigms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Bradley ◽  
Jessica Elliott ◽  
Samuel Dudley ◽  
Genevieve Kieseker ◽  
Jason B Mattingley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Synaptic Homeostasis ◽  
Human Motor

Previous history of activity and learning modulates synaptic plasticity and can lead to saturation of synaptic connections. According to the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, neural oscillations during slow-wave sleep play an important role in restoring plasticity within a functional range. However, it is not known whether slow-wave oscillations - without the concomitant requirement of sleep - play a causal role in human synaptic homeostasis. Here, slow-oscillatory transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS, 1Hz, 1mA, 18 minutes) was interleaved between two plasticity-inducing interventions: motor learning, and a paradigm known to induce long-term-potentiation-like plasticity in human motor cortex (paired associative stimulation; PAS). The hypothesis tested was that slow-oscillatory tACS would abolish the expected interference between motor learning and PAS, and facilitate plasticity from successive interventions. Thirty-six participants received sham and active fronto-motor tACS in two separate sessions, along with electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. A further 38 participants received tACS through a control (posterior midline) montage. Using neuro-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left motor cortex, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded throughout the session. Bayesian statistics were used to quantify evidence for or against the hypothesis of an effect of each intervention on MEP amplitude. As expected, there was converging evidence that motor training increased MEPs. Importantly, we found moderate evidence against an effect of active tACS in restoring PAS plasticity, and no evidence of lasting entrainment of slow-oscillations in the EEG. This suggests that, under the conditions tested here, slow-oscillatory tACS does not modulate synaptic homeostasis in the motor system of awake humans.

Cortical oscillatory activity and the induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1916-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. McAllister ◽  
John C. Rothwell ◽  
Michael C. Ridding
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Motor

scholarly journals Comparison of the on-line effects of different motor simulation conditions on corticospinal excitability in healthy participants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pfenninger ◽  
S. Grosprêtre ◽  
A. Remontet ◽  
T. Lapole
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
M Wave ◽  
On Line ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractIn healthy participants, corticospinal excitability is known to increase during motor simulations such as motor imagery (MI), action observation (AO) and mirror therapy (MT), suggesting their interest to promote plasticity in neurorehabilitation. Further comparing these methods and investigating their combination may potentially provide clues to optimize their use in patients. To this end, we compared in 18 healthy participants abductor pollicis brevis (APB) corticospinal excitability during MI, AO or MT, as well as MI combined with either AO or MT. In each condition, 15 motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and three maximal M-wave were elicited in the right APB. Compared to the control condition, mean normalized MEP amplitude (i.e. MEP/M) increased during MI (P = .003), MT (P < .001) and MT + MI (P < .001), without any difference between the three conditions. No MEP modulation was evidenced during AO or AO + MI. Because MI provided no additional influence when combined with AO or MT, our results may suggest that, in healthy subjects, visual feedback and unilateral movement with a mirror may provide the greatest effects among all the tested motor simulations.

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