Evaluation of an Automated Selective-Ion Electrolyte Analyzer for Measuring Na+, K+, and Cl- in Serum

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A Lustgarten ◽  
Robert E Wenk ◽  
Charles Byrd ◽  
Barbara Hall
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Comparison Methods ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Abstract An automated analyzer, in which ion-selective electrodes are used to measure sodium, potassium, and chloride in serum, was assessed in a clinical setting. Day-to-day precision, evaluated by replicate analysis of serum pools, yielded the following coefficients of variation for sodium, potassium, and chloride, respectively: 0.99%, 1.39%, and 0.67%. Values for chloride in both commercial control sera and aqueous standards were linearly related to concentration over a range of at least 10-220 mmol/liter; however, results with the potassium and sodium electrodes showed slight curvilinearity over the range 0-24 and 10-220 mmol/liter, respectively. Mean recoveries for sodium, potassium, and chloride for concentrations covering the clinically important ranges were 98.3-102.3%, 95.9-100.0%, and 97.8-102.0%. The only important differences between experimental and comparison methods in sera were falsely high values obtained with the ion-selective electrode for K+ (caused by supranormal ammonia concentrations) and for Cl- (caused by administered bromide). Mean sodium and chloride values obtained with the electrode did not differ significantly from values obtained by flame-emission photometry or coulometry for duplicate patients’ specimens, but potassium values did differ slightly (P = .05).

Analysis for potassium in human erythrocytes by use of a standard-additions method and an ion-selective electrode.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Mangubat ◽  
T R Hinds ◽  
F F Vincenzi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Rapid Analysis ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Standard Additions

Abstract A method based on standard additions to the sample was used to measure potassium (K+) in human erythocytes with an ion-selective electrode. A computer program was developed for rapid analysis of data obtained with the electrode. The analysis takes into account factors such as temperature that may affect electrode behavior. Results obtained by the method agree with those obtained by flame-emission spectroscopy. The coefficient of correlation between the two methods is 0.96. Our method is simple and rapid. The computer program is applicable to other analyses with ion-selective electrodes.

Direct-measurement ion-selective electrodes: analytical error in hyponatremia.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2009-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
D C Cowell ◽  
P M McGrady
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Analytical Performance ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Laboratory Personnel ◽  
Analytical Error ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Abstract Using two commercial direct ion-selective-electrode sodium and potassium analyzers, we found lower sodium values in cases of hyponatremia as compared with those by flame emission spectrophotometry or indirect ion-selective-electrode analyzers. It is shown that these errors can be eliminated by modifying the calibrant, and that there is a requirement for internationally agreed-upon reference standards for use by manufacturers and laboratory personnel to assess analytical performance of these analyzers.

Ion-Selective Electrodes Sensitive to Organic Ions. I. The Saccharin Electrode

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1208
Author(s):  
Norio Hazemoto ◽  
Naoki Kamo ◽  
Yonosuke Kobatake
Keyword(s):  
Ion Association ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Organic Ions ◽  
Sodium Cyclamate

Abstract An ion-selective electrode responsive to saccharin was made by dissolving an ion association which exists between iron(II)-bathophenanthroline chelate and saccharin in nitrobenzene. The electrode developed was capable of measuring saccharin ion concentration in the presence of other sweetening substances, e.g., saccharose, glucose, sodium cyclamate, and sorbitol, over the concentration range of 10-1 to 10-5M.

scholarly journals Characterization and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Membrane Electrodes

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rajbhandari ◽  
AP Yadav ◽  
K Manandhar ◽  
RR Pradhananga
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Silver Halide ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Membrane Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Sulphide Ions ◽  
Silver Sulphide

The polycrystalline materials obtained by co-precipitation of silver sulphide and appropriate silver halide are used to prepare silver sulphide based membrane electrodes selective to the silver, chloride, bromide, iodide, and sulphide ions. The powder materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX. These membrane electrodes are found to give Nernstian response with the appropriate ions in the concentration range from 1x10-1 to 1x10-5 M. The performance of these home made electrodes is at par with the commercial electrodes. The electrodes have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of chloride, bromide iodide, silver, and sulphide ions and also for the determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion selective electrodes are especially appealing since the electrode can be fabricated with ease in low cost and the electrode is well behaved and sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes. Key words: Ion selective electrode; Home made ion selective electrode; Silver sulphide; Thiamine; Vitamin B1. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3818 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.19-23  

Fabrication and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Ion Sensors

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Raja Ram Pradhananga ◽  
A. Nyachhyon ◽  
A.P. Yadav ◽  
Lok Kumar Shrestha ◽  
S. Tandukar
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Sensors ◽  
Silver Sulphide

An electrochemical sensor based on the silver sulphide precipitate was fabricated in the laboratory and characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX, and electrochemical techniques. Ion selective electrode (ISE) was found to be sensitive enough to sense the sulphide ion concentration from 10-1 to 10-5 M in alkaline medium. The change in electrode potential per decade change in sulphide ion concentration was found to be 31.5 mV at laboratory temperature indicating adherence of the ion selective electrode to Nernst’s equation. The sensor have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations, hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke and determination of solubility products of sparingly soluble silver salts. A trace amount of hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas, is present in the cigarette smoke. The quantitative estimation of hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke is a challenging task to analytical chemist. Hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke had been determined by absorbing the cigarette smoke in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and the resulting solution was analyzed using silver sulphide based ion sensor by standard addition technique using modified Gran plot. The average amounts of hydrogen sulphide produced by a stick of cigarette in 8 different brands of Nepalese cigarette ware found to range from 0.0332 mg to 0.0766 mg. The sensitivity and reliability of these home made ion sensors were excellent and in par with commercial electrodes. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion sensors are especially appealing since the sensor can be fabricated with ease from the materials that are readily available in the chemistry laboratory and the sensor is quite sensitive and gives reproducible results which are sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes.

Discrepancies Between Sodium Concentrations Measured by the Kodak Ektachem 700 and by Dilutional and Direct Ion-Selective Electrode Analyzers

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2419-2422 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Stone ◽  
J R Moriguchi ◽  
D R Notto ◽  
P E Murphy ◽  
C J Dass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Clinically Significant

Abstract We have identified rare (approximately 0.2% of all samples), but clinically significant, discrepancies between serum or plasma sodium concentrations measured with the Kodak Ektachem 700's direct ion-selective electrode (ISE) method and concentrations measured with two other analyzers: the Beckman Synchron CX3's dilutional ISE instrument and the Radiometer KNA2 instrument for sodium-potassium analysis by the direct ISE method. The differences do not appear to be related to any previously identified sources of discrepancy, such as variations in triglycerides, bicarbonate, total protein, albumin, or gamma-globulin, the presence of paraproteins, or interference by benzalkonium chloride from heparinized catheters. They occurred despite the use of Gen 04 reference fluid on the Ektachem. We could not identify any drug or family of drugs that the patients had taken in common and that might influence the results. Until this problem is resolved, Ektachem users should be aware of the potential for discrepancies of > 6 mmol/L in measurements of sodium concentrations.

Sodium ion binding in human serum.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
T R Kissel ◽  
J R Sandifer ◽  
N Zumbulyadis
Keyword(s):  
Standard Addition ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Ion Binding ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Sodium Binding

Abstract The amount of sodium ion binding in human sera and in dialyzed human sera was estimated from standard-addition titrations with an ion-selective electrode and from measurements of 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) linewidth. For the untreated sera, maximum binding was 1% (1.4 mmol/L) as indicated by NMR; virtually no binding was found via the titration method. For dialyzed sera with low-sodium, normal-protein content, NMR indicated that sodium binding was less than 1.3% (0.14 mmol/L). The same dialyzed fluid analyzed with ion-selective electrodes shows no sodium binding, within the limits of experimental error (+/- 4%). Sodium ion binding to serum protein thus contributes only minimally to differences in sodium measurements observed between the direct (undiluted) ion-selective electrode and flame-photometric methods.

Determination of sodium with ion-selective electrodes.

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1435-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
G B Levy
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Flame Photometry ◽  
Ion Selective Electrodes ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Direct Potentiometry

Abstract The advent of ion-selective electrodes made possible the potentiometry of sodium in serum and plasma. These methods were based on dilution of serum, as done in flame photometry, and the results were identical. Analysis of whole blood precludes dilution and so "direct" potentiometry was developed. Results by this technique are variable but tend to compensate for the spurious hyponatremias found by the "indirect" dilution methods due to displacement of volume by lipids and protein. However, there is no unambiguous theoretical basis on which to choose between the various direct ion-selective-electrode techniques and instruments. As an alternative, I propose use of current indirect methods, with numerical correction for the shift in normal sodium values in the presence of abnormal lipid and (or) protein. A table was constructed for making such corrections.

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