Rapid System of Microchemical Analysis for the Clinical Laboratory

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Saifer ◽  
Shirley Gerstenfeld ◽  
Michael C Zymaris
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Microchemical Analysis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Semiautomatic System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract A rapid, semiautomatic system of microchemical analysis for the clinical chemistry laboratory has been proposed. Five basic elements of this system are: (1) The use of siliconated-heparinized plasma. (2) The use of the calibrated-pipet-tip buret technic for measuring small (0.10-ml.) samples. (3) The use of the decantation principle as a precision step in making quantitative transfers. (4) The use of automatic syringe pipets for adding constant volumes of reagents, (5) The use of specific enzymatic methods, whenever these are applicable, for the determination of biologic constituents. The analytic system has already been applied to the determination of such important biologic constituents as glucose, urea nitrogen, phosphorus, acid and alkaline phosphatases, sodium and potassium, calcium, and total protein. The semiautomatic system permits the use of microprocedures in a clinical chemistry laboratory by persons of limited technical skill.

Comparison of results for 13 clinical laboratory determinations with three automated analytical systems.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Sampson ◽  
D D Derck ◽  
L M Demers
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Better Than

Abstract We evaluated the Abbott Bichromatic Analyzer-100 (ABA-100) for use in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory by examining 13 different determinations that can be performed on the instrument. Results with the Du Pont "aca" and Technicon continuous-flow systems were compared to the ABA-100 in terms of upper limits of linearity, inter-run coefficient of variation, and results for samples from patients. The upper limits of linearity for the methods on the ABA-100 exceeded all of those for the continuous-flow systems, except for urea nitrogen. Precision of the ABA-100 was as good as or better than that of the aca for all determinations, except for glucose in a normal control serum and creatine kinase and creatinine in an above-normal control serum.

Quantitative Identification of Urinary Calculi

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid H Leonard ◽  
Arthur J Butt
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Quantitative Identification

Abstract Quantitative determination of calcium, phosphorus, and oxalic acid, assisted by occasional determination of ammonia nitrogen and insoluble nitrogen when indicated by qualitative tests, provides a means of computing the component substances of calculi. The determinations may be performed by slight modifications of the methods in use in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory, although flame photometry is particularly convenient for the determination of calcium.

Automatic Discrete Sample Processing: Automation in a Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Based on Discrete Sample Handling and Computerized Data Processing

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 600-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Westlake ◽  
Donald K McKay ◽  
Philip Surh ◽  
David Seligson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Present Report ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Discrete Sample ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Abstract It is our belief that a general-purpose digital computer that receives and processes the electrical signal from an analytic instrument to its final step, and then processes the latter to produce a patient report, is an essential tool of the clinical laboratory. The present report concerns the development of a discrete-sample-handling analytic instrument that was designed to interface with a computer. A description is given of the entire system that includes the interface, multiplexing, sample identification, and operational characteristics of the instrument. Some advantages of discrete sample handling in analytic chemistry are accuracy, speed, ease of adaptation to computers, use of small amounts of sample, stepwise analysis of analytic method, and ease of trouble-shooting.

An enzymic assay for the specific determination of methanol in serum.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2204-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Vinet
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Alcohol Oxidase ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Specific Determination ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Enzymic Assay ◽  
True Values

Abstract This method for the specific determination of methanol in serum is based on the following two reactions: (formula; see text) Alcohol oxidase is not specific: it converts all lower alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes; however, formaldehyde dehydrogenase is specific and thus the transformation of NAD+ to NADH (which is used to monitor the reaction) proceeds only if methanol is originally present in the sample. The method was automated with a Roche COBAS FARA centrifugal analyzer. The calibration curve is linear between 0.6 and 12 mmol/L. The detection limit is about 0.6 mmol/L. The CV is 4.6% for a concentration of 3 mmol/L. When 55 serum specimens known to be free of methanol were supplemented with known amounts of methanol and analyzed by the enzymatic method, the results correlated well (r = 0.987) with the true values, the regression equation being: y = 1.016x + 0.661, where x represents the true values. Results are not affected by other alcohols that may be present in serum, by methanol metabolites, or by some commonly prescribed drugs. The major advantage of this new assay is that it can be used 24 h a day in any clinical chemistry laboratory.

Simultaneous Measurement of Diphenylhydantoin and Primidone in Serum by Gas—Liquid Chromatography

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Evenson ◽  
P Jones ◽  
B Darcey
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Isothermal Gas

Abstract The need for simultaneous determination of the concentration of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and primidone (Mysoline) in serum is frequently expressed to the clinical chemistry laboratory. Isothermal gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been used to develop a rapid, specific method. The method involves a single extraction and no derivative formation. The procedure is simple enough to be used with large numbers of samples. Detection limits for the method are 0.3 µg diphenylhydantoin per ml and 0.1 µg primidone per ml. The mean precision of the method is 6.2% and 4.8%, expressed as the coefficient of variation, for diphenylhydantoin and primidone, respectively. Barbiturates and glutethimide added to serum samples did not interfere with the analysis. The method has been used for more than 500 patients without interferences from metabolites, and meets all criteria for routine and emergency use.

scholarly journals MODULARANALYTICS: A New Approach to Automation in the Clinical Laboratory

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Horowitz ◽  
Zahur Zaman ◽  
Norbert J. C. Blanckaert ◽  
Daniel W. Chan ◽  
Jeffrey A. Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Roche Diagnostics

MODULARANALYTICS(Roche Diagnostics) (MODULARANALYTICS, Elecsys and Cobas Integra are trademarks of a member of the Roche Group) represents a new approach to automation for the clinical chemistry laboratory. It consists of a control unit, a core unit with a bidirectional multitrack rack transportation system, and three distinct kinds of analytical modules: an ISE module, a P800 module (44 photometric tests, throughput of up to 800 tests/h), and a D2400 module (16 photometric tests, throughput up to 2400 tests/h). MODULARANALYTICSallows customised configurations for various laboratory workloads. The performance and practicability of MODULARANALYTICSwere evaluated in an international multicentre study at 16 sites. Studies included precision, accuracy, analytical range, carry-over, and workflow assessment. More than 700 000 results were obtained during the course of the study. Median between-day CVs were typically less than 3% for clinical chemistries and less than 6% for homogeneous immunoassays. Median recoveries for nearly all standardised reference materials were within 5% of assigned values. Method comparisons versus current existing routine instrumentation were clinically acceptable in all cases. During the workflow studies, the work from three to four single workstations was transferred to MODULARANALYTICS, which offered over 100 possible methods, with reduction in sample splitting, handling errors, and turnaround time. Typical sample processing time on MODULARANALYTICSwas less than 30 minutes, an improvement from the current laboratory systems. By combining multiple analytic units in flexible ways, MODULARANALYTICSmet diverse laboratory needs and offered improvement in workflow over current laboratory situations. It increased overall efficiency while maintaining (or improving) quality.

Calorimetry, a time-honored technique with a potential in analytical work and cellular biology.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Levin
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Human Blood Cells ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Analytical Tools

Abstract Different types of calorimeters are briefly reviewed, stressing those instruments likely to be of interest in the clinical chemistry laboratory. The unspecific nature of the measuring procedure is emphasized and various pitfalls likely to cause analytical errors are pointed out. Recent work is reviewed where calorimeters have been used as analytical tools for the determination of glucose, protein, enzymes, and other substances. The results generally compared favorably with those obtained by conventional analytical procedures. In recent reports the time per analysis has been brought down to 2 min, with sample volumes in the micro range. Valuable information on the coagulation process has been obtained by use of calorimetry. I also review studies showing that intact cellular elements such as human blood cells, bacteria, and spermatozoa can successfully be investigated with calorimetric techniques. In particular, studies on human blood cells stimulated with various agents appear to be able to give valuable diagnostic information. I believe that new designs of microcalorimeters have placed an easily handled tool at the disposal of the worker in a clinical laboratory and that use of this tool can contribute to the development of our discipline.

Feasibility of Multiple Simultaneous Enzyme Assays, for Diagnostic Purposes, with the GeMSAEC Fast Analyzer

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas O Tiffany ◽  
George F Johnson ◽  
Max E Chilcote
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Analytical Variation ◽  
Instrumental Precision

Abstract The GeMSAEC fast analyzer provides the clinical chemistry laboratory with an analytical instrument that can be used to perform large numbers of kinetic enzyme analyses. Precise enzyme-rate analyses can be done routinely, on a large scale, and at a decreased cost per test. Improved precision in analyses of enzymes should provide more reliable data because analytical variation is lessened. We have asked how the fast analyzer might provide more useful diagnostic information to the clinician. We have selected the ratio of SGOT to SGPT activity in serum as an example, and examined instrumental precision. The coefficients of variation of the ratio, determined in the range of 50 and 140 Karmen units (which represents slightly elevated to clearly elevated values), are 4.8% and 2.2%, respectively. We examined the feasibility of measuring two or more enzyme activities simultaneously in one sample, to produce a diagnostic enzyme profile. Determination of SGOT, SGPT, and GLDH in parallel is presented as an example. In addition, we illustrate spectrophotometric linearity at 340 nm and discuss instrumental noise and an experimental approach to determining it by use of a premix experiment.

Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Serum, Urine, Diet, and Stool by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G Gimblet ◽  
Amy F Marney ◽  
Roy W Bonsnes
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Abstract Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was evaluated as a method for the determination of calcium and magnesium in serum, urine, diet, and stool, and was found a most suitable technic for a large clinical chemistry laboratory.

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