scholarly journals Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Gitlin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children ≤4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnolfo Petruzziello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
B Virus

Introduction:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.Explanation:The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.Conclusion:HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Food Vendors in Wurukum Market, Makurdi Benue State

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
C. M. Uke ◽  
E. U. Amuta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Life Threatening

Hepatitis B is a life threatening infectious liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV among food vendors in Wurukum, a highly commercial section of metropolitan Makurdi in Benue State. The test was carried out with the use of an immunochromatographic  micropoint HBsAg test strips and a HBsAg  buffer screen for the virus. Out of the 250 non-vaccinated food vendors sampled, 27(10.8%) had HBV infection, with more in males (21.7%) than in females (6.6%). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found among age groups in spite of the observed highest prevalence of 14.3% among the 20-29 year olds. Therefore, the need for routine screening cannot be overemphasized in spite of known risk factors among food vendors.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Children in Enugu Metropolis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1178122X1879285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryann Chinenye Ezeilo ◽  
Godwill Azeh Engwa ◽  
Romanus Ifeanyi Iroha ◽  
Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
B Virus ◽  
History Of

Background: Though measures are being put in place for the management of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Nigeria, children remain the most vulnerable to develop chronic hepatitis. Routine screening in children is therefore necessary for effective control. However, the performance of the commonly used immunochromatographic test (ICT) strips has been challenging. Also, identifying the risk factors of transmission in this age group is of importance for the implementation of preventive measures. Hence, the goal of this study was to assess the test performance of the routinely used ICT strip and identify the associated clinical manifestations and risk factors of HBV. Methods: A cross sectional study involving 270 children below six years of age was conducted at ESUTH and Favor Child Pediatrics Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. The subjects were screened for HBV by ICT and ELISA assays and a structured questionnaire was used to obtain participants data including demographic, socioeconomic, signs and symptoms, risk factors and vaccination. Results: BBased on ELISA, 31 out of 270 children were positive for HBV with an infection rate of 11.5%. ICT kit showed a low sensitivity of 51.6% in diagnosing HBV but was highly specific (100%) and accurate (94.4%). HBV infection was not associated with sex (χ2: 0.209; p = 0.401). The prevalence of HBV infection was similar in all the age group and HBV infection was not associated (χ2: 2.099; p = 0.914) with age group. All the clinical manifestations were not associated ( p > 0.05) with HBV infection. Blood transfusion, shared items, tattoo marks and history of surgery associated significantly ( p < 0.05) with HBV infections having odd ratios of 4.247, 4.224, 3.134 and 3.195 respectively. The vaccination rate was 55.2% (159/270) and only 3 (1.1%) out of 159 vaccinated subjected contracted the infection (OR: 0.068, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: HBV was prevalent (11.5%) in children below six years old in Enugu metropolis. Moreover, the routinely used ICT test was less reliable than ELISA in diagnosis HBV infection. More so, shared items, blood transfusion, tattooing and history of surgery were potential risk factors while vaccination served as a protective factor against the infection.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in The Netherlands in 1996 and 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 1469-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. M. HAHNÉ ◽  
H. E. DE MELKER ◽  
M. KRETZSCHMAR ◽  
L. MOLLEMA ◽  
F. R. VAN DER KLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYWe aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in The Netherlands between 1996 and 2007, and to identify risk factors for HBV infection in 2007. Representative samples of the Dutch population in 1996 and 2007 were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA. In 2007, the weighted anti-HBc prevalence was 3·5% (95% CI 2·2–5·5) and the HBsAg prevalence was 0·2% (95% CI 0·1–0·4). In indigenous Dutch participants, the anti-HBc prevalence was lower in 2007 than in 1996 (P=0·06). First-generation migrants (FGMs) had a 13-fold greater risk of being HBsAg- and/or HBV-DNA-positive than indigenous Dutch participants. In indigenous Dutch participants, risk factors for anti-HBc positivity were older age and having received a blood product before 1990. In FGMs, being of Asian origin was a risk factor. In second-generation migrants, having a foreign-born partner and injecting drug use were risk factors. FGMs are the main target group for secondary HBV prevention in The Netherlands.

scholarly journals Differential spatial distribution of hepatitis B virus by ethnicity in British Columbia, Canada: Expanded role of a large administrative cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Butt ◽  
Naveed Janjua ◽  
Stanley Wong ◽  
Amanda Yu ◽  
Maria Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Metro Vancouver ◽  
B Virus

IntroductionMost chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Canada are diagnosed among immigrants from endemic countries and lack traditional risk factors while most acute infections are usually diagnosed in Caucasian population with co-occurring risk factors. Thus, understanding geographical distribution of HBV infection by ethnicity could inform screening and care strategies. Objectives and ApproachWe identified geographic clusters of HBV infection in British Columbia by ethnicity during the years 1990-2015 using the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort (BC-HTC). The BC-HTC includes ~1.7 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV at the BC Public Health Laboratory or reported as a case of HCV, HIV, or HBV linked to healthcare administrative databases. We plotted maps of HBV diagnoses (acute and chronic) rate at the Dissemination Area level between 1990-2015 stratified by ethnicity and compared this distribution with injection drug use (IDU) distribution in BC. ResultsThe distribution of HBV varied considerably by ethnicity. From 1990 to 2015, a higher rate of HBV infection was found among East Asians and Caucasians followed by South Asians and other ethnicities. East Asians with highest rates were mainly concentrated in Vancouver city, Burnaby and Richmond (Metro Vancouver) while South Asians with highest rates were mostly concentrated in urban areas in Surrey and Abbotsford. Caucasians with higher rates were clustered in Downtown Eastside in Vancouver, Surrey and Abbotsford (Metro Vancouver) and urban areas in Greater Victoria (Vancouver Island), Prince George (Northern BC) and Kamloops (Interior BC). The distribution of IDU closely followed the distribution of HBV among Caucasians but did not align with other ethnic groups. Conclusion/ImplicationsResults highlight distinct areas of HBV infection clustering by ethnicity, which differ from areas with high IDU distribution except in Caucasians. Findings support ethnicity-based HBV screening/prevention and care services to areas with immigrants from HBV-endemic countries and integrated HBV and harm reduction services for early diagnosis and treatment in Caucasians.

scholarly journals P.2.11 Vitamin D deficiency and hepatitis B virus infection and risk of hematological malignancies among korean semiconductor workers: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A90.1-A90
Author(s):  
Seokwon Lee ◽  
Sarah Yang ◽  
Jaewoo Koh ◽  
Soo-Geun Kim ◽  
Kyoungho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Occupational Risk ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
B Virus

ObjectivesThis study aims to identify an association between potential risk factors and risk of hematological malignancies, especially for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and leukemia, among Korean semiconductor workers.MethodsWe collected 54 cases who ever worked over 30 days at a Korean semiconductor manufacturing company and were diagnosed as NHL (ICD-10 codes: C82–C85) and leukemia (C91–C95) from January 1 st 1998 to December 31 st 2017. A total of 324 controls, frequency matched by age and sex (1:6 ratios) with no diagnosis of hematological malignancies, were randomly selected. The information on work history, occupational exposure and medical examination data was also collected for the study analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting age, sex, education, employment year, smoking, alcohol and body mass index.ResultsNo significant association between hematological malignancies and occupational risk factors, including job title, cleanroom work and occupational exposures, was observed. As for leukemia, however, ORs were significantly increased by natural immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) [HBsAg(-), HBsAb(+), HBcAb(+)] (OR=11.92, 95% confidential interval 1.05–135.89) and a past or current (ever) HBV infection [HBsAg(+/-), HBsAb(+/-), HBcAb(+)] (6.52, 1.51–28.10). Furthermore, ORs for NHL were also significantly increased by insufficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (12–20 ng/mL) (10.67, 1.27–89.53) and deficient 25(OH)D levels (<12 ng/mL) (12.22, 1.37–109.16) (p<0.05).ConclusionsRisk of hematological malignancies was not associated with occupational risk factors but significantly elevated by two factors, such as HBV infection and insufficient or deficient 25(OH)D level. A longitudinal cohort study is needed to confirm the association between these risk factors and cancers.

Hepatitis B Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming V. Lin ◽  
April Wall
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, with approximately 257 million people with chronic infection. HBV is a small partially double-stranded DNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of the hepatocyte and commonly leads to chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis or vasculitis. The latter is due to deposition of circulating immune complex in the different tissues. The natural history of HBV infection can be conceptualized as a spectrum encompassing different phases, including immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive carrier, and reactivation and resolution. The diagnosis of the different phases of chronic HBV infection relies on various HBV serologies, liver enzyme levels, and histology findings. There are currently eight therapies approved for the treatment of HBV. Tenofovir alafenamide was the most recently approved therapy with a better side effect profile compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. With the recent advances in the basic research in hepatitis B, new treatment options may become available in the near-future. This review contains 9 figures, 11 tables and 80 references Key words: cirrhosis, entecavir, Hepadnaviridae, hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, precore mutation, tenofovir

Hepatitis B Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming V. Lin ◽  
April Wall
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, with approximately 257 million people with chronic infection. HBV is a small partially double-stranded DNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of the hepatocyte and commonly leads to chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis or vasculitis. The latter is due to deposition of circulating immune complex in the different tissues. The natural history of HBV infection can be conceptualized as a spectrum encompassing different phases, including immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive carrier, and reactivation and resolution. The diagnosis of the different phases of chronic HBV infection relies on various HBV serologies, liver enzyme levels, and histology findings. There are currently eight therapies approved for the treatment of HBV. Tenofovir alafenamide was the most recently approved therapy with a better side effect profile compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. With the recent advances in the basic research in hepatitis B, new treatment options may become available in the near-future. This review contains 9 figures, 11 tables and 80 references Key words: cirrhosis, entecavir, Hepadnaviridae, hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, precore mutation, tenofovir

scholarly journals Interactions between hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1: effects on p53 induction in HepaRG cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Lereau ◽  
Doriane Gouas ◽  
Stéphanie Villar ◽  
Ahmad Besaratinia ◽  
Agnès Hautefeuille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hbv Replication ◽  
Heparg Cell Line ◽  
Heparg Cells ◽  
B Virus

Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are the main risk factors for the development of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). How these factors cooperate is still largely unknown. AFB1 activation leads to DNA adduction and mutagenesis, with a specific mutation at codon 249 in TP53 (p.R249S). So far, only limited studies have addressed the effects of AFB1 on HBV replication. We have analysed the effects of both risk factors on p53 induction during HBV infection in HepaRG, a cell line with hepatocyte-like morphology that metabolizes AFB1 and supports HBV infection. Exposure to AFB1 up to 5 µM induced a downregulation of HBV replication after 48 h, as measured by a decrease in viral antigens in the culture medium (HBsAg, HBeAg and large envelope protein) and in intracellular levels of HBV transcripts, DNA and HBsAg. Conversely, HBV infection did not significantly modify AFB1-DNA adduct formation or repair as assessed by immunodot-blot assay, and the induction of p53 in response to AFB1 was similar in infected and non-infected HepaRG cells. Overall, our results suggest that AFB1 exposure decreases HBV replication, whereas DNA damage by AFB1 and subsequent p53 induction is not affected by the presence of the virus. Thus, in HepaRG cell line, AFB1 and HBV do not cooperate to increase DNA damage by AFB1. Further studies on the effects of both factors in a context of chronicity are needed to better understand synergistic effects.

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