Interference of Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Biological Control of Coccus viridis (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Coffee

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Reimer ◽  
Mei-Li Cope ◽  
George Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pheidole Megacephala ◽  
Coccus Viridis

Some aspects of insecticidal and biological control of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.) in Rhodesia

1965 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Eriosoma Lanigerum ◽  
Pheidole Megacephala ◽  
Woolly Apple Aphid ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Aphelinus Mali ◽  
Foliage Spray

In insecticide trials in 1962–63 in Rhodesia against woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), no appreciable control was achieved by applying ½ fluid oz. of a 40 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate of dimethoate per tree at 2- to 3-week intervals for 16 weeks in any of the following ways: painted directly on the lower trunk; absorbed in a cotton-wool band applied to the trunk, after being diluted 1:3 in water; applied to a furrow around the stem after being diluted in four gallons of water; injected into the soil with a nematicide injector after being diluted 1:4 in water.A foliage spray of DDT (0·195% active ingredient) had a gradual controlling effect on the aphid and caused no upsurge such as might have occurred had the parasitic activities of Aphelinus mali (Hald.) been suppressed.Activity of the ant Pheidole megacephala (F.) was immediately halted on trees sprayed with DDT and was suppressed on trees the trunks of which were painted with dimethoate and on those banded with a dimethoate-soaked barrier.Over a fourteen-month period, the numbers of living aphid colonies fluctuated before decreasing at the same time as the activity of A. mali intensified.

Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Cudjoe ◽  
P. Neuenschwander ◽  
M. J. W. Copland
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Pheidole Megacephala ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Parasitism Rates

AbstractIn surveys of cassava fields in the coastal savanna and rain forest zones of Ghana, eight species of ants, mostly in the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster and Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were found attending cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Ant densities were much higher in the rain forest than in the savanna and, in most zones, positively correlated to mealybug population densities. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) was the only species more abundant in the interior of fields, whereas the other species preferred the edges of fields or, like Camponotus spp., did not respond to edge effects. Weediness of the fields did not clearly influence the presence of ants. Crematogaster sp. and P. megacephala spent most of the time on cassava tips, where they built carton tents. Ants of the three genera reduced parasitism rates by the exotic Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to half, compared to the rates observed on mealybug colonies of equal size that were not attended. Hyperparasitism by Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) and predation by the indigenous Exochomus troberti Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were similarly reduced. Where ants were excluded experimentally by insectcide barriers, parasitism was 32%, compared to only 10% in the control, and predator densities were reduced three-fold. In a 24 h experiment, Pheidole megacephala was observed to remove about half the E. troberti larvae; Crematogaster sp. and Camponotus spp. were less efficient. The results show the locally strong interference of ants with biological control of the cassava mealybug. Despite this interference, mealybug populations in the rain forest were judged to be below damaging levels.

scholarly journals Recent trends in biological control of scale insects on fruit crops in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
M. Mani
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Verticillium Lecanii ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Coccus Viridis ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Acid Lime ◽  
Second Category ◽  
White Scale

Scale insects are sap feeders, causing threat to the cultivation of several fruit crops. The scale insects can be grouped into two broad categories. The first group belonging to family Diaspidide, comprises many species of armoured scales (hard scales) belonging to the genera. <em>Aonidiella, Aulacaspis, Pseudaulacaspis, Hemiberlesia, Aspidiotus, Chrysomphalus, Pinnaspis, Parlatoria</em> etc. The second category belonging to family Coccidae comprises of the soft scales belonging to the genera Coccus, Puvinaria, <em>Chloropulvinaria, Saisettia, Parasaisettia, Vinsonia, Drephanococcus, Ceroplastes, Ceroplastodes</em>, etc. Scale insects are highly polyphagous, but certain species cause severe damage to specific fruit crops viz. the red scale, <em>Aonidiella aurantii</em> (Maskell) on citrus; latania scale, <em>Hemieberlesia lataniae</em> (Sign.) on grapevine.; white scale, <em>Aulacaspis tubercularis</em> (Newstead) on mango; green shield scale, <em>Pulvinaria psidii</em> (Maskell) on guava, lemon and sapota, <em>Pulvinaria polygonata</em> (Ckll.) on mango; green scale <em>Coccus viridis</em> (Green) on citrus and sapota and <em>Drephanococcus chiton</em> (Green) on ber and guava. Insecticides are not effective due to the presence of protective cover over the scales. On the other hand, scale insects are more amenable for biological control due to their sedentary habit and colonial distribution. Several scale insects are well regulated by the local predators. In nature, green shield scale, <em>Pulvinaria psidii</em> (Maskell) is kept under check by the predator, Australian ladybird beetle <em>Cryptolaemus montouzieri</em> Mulsant on guava, sapota and lemon. The reduction of the mango green shield scale <em>Pulvinaria polygonata</em> was attributed mainly to the action of the predators <em>C. montrouzieri</em> and <em>Spalgis epeus</em> Westwood. The green scale <em>Coccus viridis</em> on acid lime and white scale <em>Aulacaspis tubercularis</em> on mango are well regulated by the coccinellids <em>Chilocorus nigrita</em> (Fab) and <em>C. circumdatus</em> Sch. Local parasitoids are also known to effectively check the populations of the scale insects on different fruit crops. The encyrtid <em>Anicetus ceylonensis</em> How and the pteromalid <em>Cephaleta brunniventris</em> Motsch are responsible for the suppression of wax scale <em>Drephanococcus chiton</em> on ber and guava. The aphelinid parasitoid, <em>Pteroptrix koebeli</em> How. plays a major role in the regulation of the mango scale <em>Aulacaspis tubercularis</em>. On sapota, the aphelinid parasitoid <em>Coccophagus</em> sp. was the dominant natural enemy causing up to 95 % parasitism. <em>Scutellista cyanea</em> Motsch. (Pteromalidiae: Hymenoptera) was able to suppress <em>Parasaissetia nigra</em> (Nietner) on custard apple and pomegranate. In the absence of effective biocontrol agents in nature, parasitoids and predators have to be released in the field for obtaining an effective and quicker suppression of the scale insects. Release of adult <em>C. nigirita</em> was found to be effective in the control of the red scale on citrus in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Release of <em>C. infernalis (C.bijugus)</em> Mulsant @ 10-20 beetles/tree once in April-May has also been recommended to reduce Sanjose scale. The white halo fungus, <em>Lecanicillium (Verticillium ) lecanii</em> can be sprayed at 16 x 10<sup>6</sup> spores/ml along with 0.05% of sticking agents in the evening hours at 15 days interval to control the green scale in the hilly areas during cooler months. The biocontrol agents can be integrated with plant origin insecticides as they do not affect the activity of these agents.

Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
J. R. Adams ◽  
G. J Tompkins ◽  
A. M. Heimpel ◽  
E. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Epilachna Varivestis ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

Cost-Benefit Reasoning About Biological Control

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Monroe ◽  
Corinne Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cost Benefit

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

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