DINAMIKA POPULASI KUTU TEMPURUNG (Coccus viridis) DAN KUTUDAUN (Aphis gossypii) PADA TIGA VARIETAS KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea Arabica)

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Salah satu kendala dalam pembibitan kopi arabika di rumah kaca adalah<br />adanya serangan hama kutu tempurung (Coccus viridis) dan kutudaun<br />(Aphis gossypii) yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan<br />tanaman. Persaingan dalam memanfaatkan unsur hara dan nutrisi yang<br />berada pada jaringan tanaman kopi dapat menyebabkan tanaman yang<br />terserang menjadi lebih parah bahkan tidak jarang menyebabkan kematian<br />tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dinamika populasi<br />kutu tempurung dan kutudaun pada benih kopi arabika varietas Sigarar<br />Utang, Kartika, dan S795. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Pusat<br />Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan (Puslitbangbun), sejak bulan<br />Agustus 2011 sampai Januari 2012. Jumlah benih kopi arabika yang<br />diamati sebanyak 200 benih yang terdiri dari varietas S795, Sigarar utang,<br />dan Kartika. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap dua minggu sekali sebanyak<br />sepuluh kali pengamatan dengan menghitung populasi serangan hama dan<br />membandingkan frekuensi populasi (perkembangan) kutu tempurung (C.<br />viridis) dan kutudaun (A. gossypii) dengan metode regresi dan uji t. Dari<br />hasil pengamatan, ditemukan 2 jenis populasi hama yaitu populasi kutu<br />tempurung (C. viridis) dan kutudaun (A. gossypii) yang menyerang benih<br />kopi arabika di pembibitan dengan tingkat populasi kutu tempurung (C.<br />viridis) lebih banyak dijumpai dibandingkan dengan populasi kutudaun (A.<br />gossypii) yaitu sebanyak 81,23%. Pada kopi arabika varietas Kartika<br />paling banyak ditemukan populasi kutu tempurung (C. viridis) dan kutu<br />daun (A. gossypii) dibandingkan dengan varietas Sigarar Utang dan S795.<br />Kopi arabika varietas Kartika memiliki percabangan yang agak lentur dan<br />memiliki ruas yang pendek sehingga kutu tempurung (C.viridis) dan<br />kutudaun (A. gossypii) lebih senang berinang pada varietas Kartika<br />dibandingkan varietas Sigarar Utang dan S795, karena lebih mudah untuk<br />memperoleh makanannya dengan mengisap cairan yang ada pada<br />percabangannya. Perkembangan populasi C. viridis membentuk garis lurus<br />selama 5 bulan dengan nilai r masing-masing 0,98 pada varietas Sigarar<br />Utang; 0,98 pada varietas Kartika; dan 0,99 pada varietas S795.<br />Perkembangan populasi A. gossypii membentuk dua buah garis yang<br />bertemu di satu titik dan sebuah garis lurus dengan nilai r masing-masing<br />0,99 pada Sigarar Utang; 0,98 pada varietas Kartika; dan 0,99 pada<br />varietas S795.<br />Kata kunci: Kopi arabika, dinamika populasi, Aphis gossypii, Coccus<br />viridis</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />One of the main constraints on the growth of coffee seedlings in the<br />greenhouse is pests lice green scales (Coccus viridis) and Aphids (Aphids<br />gossypii) that can inhibit the growth of plants. Competition in utilizing<br />nutrients can cause the attacked plants to become more severe, even some<br />plants to be dead. This study aims to determine the population dynamics of<br />C. viridis and A. gossypii on arabica coffee seedlings of Sigarar Utang,<br />Kartika, and S795 varieties. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of<br />Indonesian Center For Estate Crops Research and Development, from<br />August 2011 to January 2012. 200 seedlings of arabica coffee consisting of<br />S795, Sigarar Utang, and Kartika varieties were planted in polythene bags<br />in the greenhouse. Observations were made every two weeks for ten times<br />the observations by calculating the pest populations and compare<br />population growth of C. viridis and A. gossypii by regression method and t<br />test. It was found that mite green scale (C. viridis) population were more<br />dominant than the aphids (A. gossypii) population, with a total population<br />of green scales (C. viridis) as much as 81.23%. Green scales (C. viridis)<br />and aphids (A. gossypii) were found more abundant in the Kartika<br />seedlings compared to Sigarar Utang and S795 varieties. It is easier for the<br />pests to obtain their food by sucking the liquid inside in the branches. The<br />growth population of C. viridis forming a straight line for 5 months with r<br />values respectively, Sigarar Utang is 0,98; Kartika is 0,98; and S795 is<br />0,97. Growth population of A. gossypii forming straight lines with the<br />value of r : Sigarar Utang is 0,99; Kartika is 0,98; and S795 is 0,99.<br />Key words: Coffea arabica, population dynamics, Aphis gossypii, Coccus<br />viridis</p>

Evaluación de plaguicidas para el manejo de plagas del café Coffea arabica L. en Jinotega, Nicaragua

El café (Coffea arabica L.) es de mucha importancia para Nicaragua, tanto económica, como social y ambiental, representando aproximadamente el 25% de las exportaciones. La caficultura es considerada una de las principales fuentes de empleo, alcanzando 63% en las zonas rurales y alrededor del 14% a nivel nacional. El cultivo de café es vulnerable a plagas artrópodas y agentes microbiológicos que afectan hojas, tallos, raíces y frutos, causando pérdidas en los rendimientos. La broca del fruto del café (Hypothenemus hampei, Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) es el principal insecto plaga del café en el país por su daño causado y los elevados costos económicos destinados en su manejo. Siguiendo en importancia, la cochinilla (Planococcus spp) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), que infesta brotes foliares y florales, en infestaciones severas, causa amarillamiento de hojas, marchitamiento de yemas y aborto de frutos. Finalmente, las escamas (Coccus viridis, Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), insectos con amplio rango de distribución y abundantes en época seca, causan pérdidas por vigor, enanismo y reducción del número de frutos por planta. Este estudio, tuvo el propósito de contribuir al manejo de plagas del café a través de la evaluación de insecticidas químicos, botánicos y biológicos. Las variables evaluadas fueron, número de frutos brocados y número de escamas y cochinillas por planta. Los resultados indican que los mejores insecticidas para el manejo de broca del café, escamas y cochinillas fueron Galil seguido de Cormoran y Ecobiol, los cuales fueron, además, los tratamientos más rentables

Efeito de inibidores de proteases na atividade enzimática de Coccus viridis em Coffea arabica

A cultura do café no Brasil tem muita importância econômica e relevância no setor social. É possível que as injurias causadas pelo inseto Coccus viridis (cochonilha-verde) seja um dos motivos da redução de sua produtividade. As plantas, ao serem injuriadas, são capazes de aumentar a síntese de inibidores de proteases (IPs) por toda sua extensão. Estudos demonstraram que insetos alimentados com plantas previamente pulverizadas com inibidores sintéticos têm seu desenvolvimento afetado. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos inibidores de proteases sintéticos, benzamidina e berenil, sobre a atividade proteolítica intestinal de C. viridis. Plantas de Coffea arabica foram infestadas com ninfas de C. viridis e pulverizadas com benzamidina e berenil, em quatro diferentes concentrações: 0; 0,25%; 0,5% e 0,75% (p/v). A resposta bioquímica do inseto foi avaliada após 24 horas da pulverização, coletando-se os insetos. A atividade das serino-proteases tripsina-like (amidásica e esterásica) e quimotripsina-like esterásica foi reduzida pela presença dos inibidores. O mesmo se obteve em relação à atividade das cisteíno-proteases.

The Community Ecology of Herbivore Regulation in an Agroecosystem: Lessons from Complex Systems

Whether an ecological community is controlled from above or below remains a popular framework that continues generating interesting research questions and takes on especially important meaning in agroecosystems. We describe the regulation from above of three coffee herbivores, a leaf herbivore (the green coffee scale, Coccus viridis), a seed predator (the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei), and a plant pathogen (the coffee rust disease, caused by Hemelia vastatrix) by various natural enemies, emphasizing the remarkable complexity involved. We emphasize the intersection of this classical question of ecology with the burgeoning field of complex systems, including references to chaos, critical transitions, hysteresis, basin or boundary collision, and spatial self-organization, all aimed at the applied question of pest control in the coffee agroecosystem.

MODEL PENGENDALIAN ALAMI PENYAKIT EMBUN JELAGA OLEH JAMUR CAPNADIUM SP PADA TANAMAN CENGKEH MENGGUNAKAN KUMBANG HELM CYCLONEDA SPP SEBAGAI PREDATOR KUTU DAUN (COCCOUS VIRIDIS GREEN

Soot dew disease is one of the clove plant diseases caused by fungi Capnadium sp. fungus Capnadium sp living on filth of aphids Coccous Viridis Green. The fungus is spread by vectors of black ants that exist on a clove vulnerable. To control the disease naturally, people utilize the helmet beetles Cycloneda spp as a pest predator of aphids Coccous Viridis Green. The mathematical models that represent the natural control of the disease was adapted from the SI model. The model provides 9 exiting critical points which describes the state of the system. The results of the stability analysis of the critical points using the method of Linearization and Routh-Hurwitz shows that there are 4 disease-free critical points such that the solution can be maintained in the neighbourhood of the critical points. All endemic critical points are unstable such that the solution will leave the critical points. Simulation at the endemic critical points indicates the existence of helmet beetles Cycloneda spp population that able to suppress the spread of this disease by preying aphids Coccus Viridis Green.Keywords : Dew Soot, Helmet Beetles, Aphids, Mathematical Models.

IDENTIFIKASI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT PADA TANAMAN KOPI DI KEBUN PERCOBAAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS WINAYA MUKTI

Kopi merupakan komoditas andalan ekspor bagi Indonesia. Akan tetapi dari segi mutu, masih jauh tertinggal dengan negara lain. Salah satu penyebab rendahnya mutu kopi adalah banyaknya serangan hama dan penyakit di lapangan sehingga menurunkan produksi dan kualitas biji kopi yang dihasilkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kopi, sehingga dapat dikendalikan secara tepat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Winaya Mukti dari bulan April – Juni 2018. Pengambilan sampel tanaman secara acak dengan Metode Random Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hama yang banyak menyerang tanaman kopi adalah kutu daun hijau (Coccus viridis) dan kutu dompolan (Planococus sp), penyakit yang banyak meyerang adalah penyakit karat daun (Hemileia vastatrix), penyakit embun jelaga (Capnodium sp) dan penyakit bercak daun (Cercospora coffeicola), kebersihan areal perkebunan sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan populasi hama dan penyakit tersebut.

Upaya Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Biji Keben Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz terhadap Kematian Kutu Tempurung Hijau Coccus viridis pada Tanaman Kopi Coffea sp

This study was conducted to examine the effect of “keben” seed Baringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz on mortality of flea (Coccus viridis) found in Coffea sp. Experimental methods with Complete Random Design (CRD) was used in this study. Five doses of “keben” seed extract (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% 0.8% and 0.0%) were used. Result of the study showed that all five concentration of “keben” extract were toxic to Coccus viridis, therefore can be used to control pest of coffe caused by Coccus viridis. Among the concentration used, it was found that concentration at 0.4% more effective than other concentrations. Consentration at 0.4% was killed 100% of Coccus viridis population in 3 days.Key words: Barringtonia asiatica, Coccus viridis, Concentration of seed extract.

Alecanochiton marquesi (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), a new record for Colombia and Costa Rica, and description of its first-instar nymph

The Marques’ soft scale, Alecanochiton marquesi (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) is recorded from Colombia and Costa Rica on Sapotaceae (Manilkara zapota) and on Melastomataceae (Conostegia xalapensis, Miconia trinervia, and M. schlimii), respectively. Other scale insects collected on M. zapota in the present study include Hemiberlesia lataniae, Howardia biclavis (Diaspididae), Coccus viridis, Saissetia coffeae (Coccidae), and Crypticerya abrahami (Monophlebidae). Crypticerya abrahami was found tended by Azteca sp. ants (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) and is for the first time recorded on M. zapota. The first-instar nymph of A. marquesi is described and illustrated based on specimens from Colombia. The affinities of Alecanochiton with other Coccidae genera are discussed based on characters of the adult female and first-instar nymph.

A new species of myrmecophilous lady beetle in the genus Diomus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Diomini) from Chiapas, Mexico that feeds on green coffee scale, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

A new species of myrmecophilous lady beetle, Diomus lupusapudoves, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Diomini), is described from a coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico. The new species was found preying on the green coffee scale pest, Coccus viridis (Green), tended primarily by Azteca sericeasur Longino and Pheidole synanthropica Longino ants. The larval, pupal, and adult stages of the new species are described and habitus illustrations or photos provided along with anatomical details of the adult male and female genitalia. The species is most similar to Diomus thoracicus Fabricius (=type species of Diomus), another myrmecophile, which inhabits ant nests and feeds on ant brood. The new species has a peculiar onisciform larva that lacks dorsal setae, features that it shares with D. thoracicus. The new species is only the second species in the genus reported as a myrmecophile, although the life histories of most species have been poorly documented.

Estudio de las principales plagas del nanche [Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) HBK] en Nayarit, México

El nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) es atacado en forma consistente por insectos que pueden considerarse sus principales plagas. Las plagas del nanche que se encontraron son: gusano del fruto (Cryptophebia spp.; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), gorgojo de las frutas secas (Carpophilus spp.; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), salivazo del nanche (Clastoptera spp.; Hemiptera: Clastopteridae), periquito de los árboles (Membracis mexicana; Homoptera: Membracidae), escama verde (Coccus viridis; Hemiptera: Coccidae) y el piojo harinoso (Planoccus citri; Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).