Interrelations between productive, vegetative, and fruit quality traits in Tahiti acid lime through Bayesian inference

ABSTRACT: Although the fruit yield has a core importance in Tahiti acid lime breeding programs, other traits stand out among the quality fruit and vegetative traits as ones that still need to be improved in selection of superior genotypes. Appling efficient tools aiming selection, such as the Bayesian inference, becomes an alternative in perennial crops. This study applied Bayesian inference in the genetic evaluation of Tahiti acid lime genotypes and estimated the interrelation between vegetative, productive and fruit quality traits. Twenty-four acid lime genotypes were evaluated for number of fruits, fruit yield, canopy volume, stem diameter, soluble solids content, shell thickness, and juice yield traits. The genotypic values were estimated through Bayesian inference and models with different residual structure were tested via deviance information criterion. Pearson’s correlation and the path analysis were estimated, removing the multicollinearity effect. The Bayesian inference estimates genotypic values with high selective accuracy. The correlations obtained between traits from different groups can be useful in selection strategies for improvement of Tahiti acid lime. The Bayesian inference demonstrated to be an important tool and should be considered in perennial breeding programs.

Effect of Nutrient Management through Bio Organic Manures on Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the commercial fruit crops which occupies important place in the fruit industry, but yield levels of citrus orchards are still very low. Alternate nutrient management system could help in achieving high yield and quality of acid lime. Thus, an investigation was undertaken on the “Effect of nutrient management through bio-organic manures on quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)” in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India during 2016 – 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments, various organic manures, biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers including recommended dose of fertilization @ 100%, 75%, 50%, farm yard manure @ 100%, 50%, Vermicompost @ 100%, 50%, Biofertilizers ( 25g Azotobacter + 25g phosphate solubilising bacteria + 150g vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal) were applied. The quality characters of acid lime were studied at different stages. The observations recorded viz., plant height (m), canopy spread east-west (m), canopy spread north-south (m), canopy height (m), no. of leaves per canopy, leaf area (cm2). The results revealed that plants treated with of T8 -75% RDF + 50% FYM + 50% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25g Azotobacter + 25g PSB + 150g VAM) was observed maximum plant height (m), canopy spread east-west (m), canopy spread north-south (m), canopy height (m), no. of leaves per canopy, leaf area (cm2).

Effect of Nutrient Management on Productivity and Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia swingle)

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the commercial fruit crops which occupies an important place in the fruit industry, but yield levels of citrus orchards are still very low. An alternate nutrient management system could help in achieving a high yield and quality of acid lime. Thus, an investigation was undertaken on the “Effect of nutrient management on productivity and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)” during 2016 – 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments, various organic manures, biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers including recommended dose of fertilization @ 100%, 75%, 50%, farm yard manure @ 100%, 50%, Vermicompost @ 100%, 50%, Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter + 25 g phosphate solubilising bacteria + 150 g vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal) were applied. The yield and quality characters of acid lime were studied at vegetative and reproductive stages. The observations recorded viz., fruit setting (%), fruit diameter (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), yield per tree (kg) and yield per hectare (tonnes). The results revealed that plants treated with T12 ( 50% RDF+ 75% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter +25 g PSB +150 g VAM) was observed maximum fruit setting (%), fruit diameter (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), yield per tree (kg), yield per hectare (tonnes). The maximum net income (Rs. 281511.5 / ha) and benefit:cost ratio (4.72: 1) was observed in the treatment T12-50% RDF + 75% FYM + 75% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter + 25 g PSB + 150 g VAM) which was superior to other treatments.

Intensive fruit orchards cultivation

The main purpose of a High-intensity cultivation system is to maximize the yield crop per area unit through planting more trees, exploiting efficient use of different resources. There are different factors that affect high-intensity cultivation that include Land-cost, planting spaces, tree size, Rootstock, and Practice management. Meanwhile, the adoption of High-intensity cultivation to control canopy size, by using modern management practices is very crucial to get more yields in the early stages of the orchard besides simplicity in its management and increase the farmers’ net profit. In addition, High-density cultivation use in different fruit crops like olive, mango, orange, mandarin, Apple, and cherry. Numerous benefits of intensive fruit cultivation include increase fruit yield per unit area, improving use efficiency of natural resources e.g. soil, light, water, and nutrients, enhancing fruit quality, improving soil properties and rising levels of organic carbon and nutrients in plant tissues …etc. In addition, it is very effective in acid lime soil and achieves high income for the farmers.

EVALUATION OF BIO EFFICACY AND PHYTO TOXICITY EVALUATION OF INDAZIFLAM 500 SC IN ACID LIME

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the bio efficacy and phyto toxicity of Indaziflam 500 SC in acid lime at Central Block, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam during kharif and rabi seasons of the years 2017 and 2018. Experiments were carried out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. Indaziflam 500 SC was sprayed as pre emergence as well as combination with post emergence herbicides in acid lime before the onset of South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon at kharif and rabi seasons respectively. Indaziflam 500 SC either alone or in combination with post emergence herbicide was completely dissolved while making stock solutions. There were no phyto toxicity symptoms on acid lime at higher doses of pre emergence application and combination with post emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC. Pre emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha recorded significantly lower no. of weed density on 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAA during both the seasons. Increased weed density was observed in untreated control at all stages of crop growth during both the seasons. Pre emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha recorded significantly lower weed DMP at 90 DAA during both the seasons of the study followed by pre emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 50 g a.i./ha and resulted in higher weed control efficiency at all stages of observation. Significantly higher acid lime fruit yield of 12.45 and 13.85 t/ha was recorded with hand weeding during kharif and rabi respectively due to weed free condition maintained during entire growth stage of the crop and it was followed by pre emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha.

Effect of Postharvest Application of Edible Coatings and Packaging on Acid Lime Fruit var. SunKagati 1 Quality at Ambient Storage Condition

Sunkagati-1 is one of the commonly grown acid limes recommended for terai region of Nepal with main season production from Shrawan to Poush. In recent year, area of acid lime is increasing while no appropriate technology of postharvest is available for it. An experiment was carried out with an objective to assess the influence of edible oil coatings and packaging on storage life of acid lime fruit. Fruits were harvested at physiologically mature stage with smooth and shiny appearance and treated with four edible oils (coconut oil, mustard oil, sesamum oil and castor oil), liquid paraffin 10% wax emulsion and 25 micron low density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging. The study was conducted in completely randomized block design (CRD) with seven treatments and three replications. Fruits were kept at ambient condition (20±1.55 ºC, 65±6.5 % RH) till 24 days and analyzed for various postharvest physical, chemical and physiological parameters after 8th, 16th and 24th days of storage. The result showed that LDPE packaging has significant effect on reduction of physiological loss in weight (1.69 %), spoilage loss (5.17 %), higher vitamin C content (60.11 mg/100g), Titratable acidity (6.71 %) and development of marketable color viz., 100% yellow color. Also, coconut oil showed significantly better postharvest quality retention with reduced physiological loss in weight (10.83 %) and spoilage loss (10.45 %). This study concluded that LDPE packaging and coconut oil coating are the appropriate method to extend the storage life of acid lime in ambient condition of mid hills situation.

Analysis of Electrical Energy Contained in Vegetables

This study aims to determine the source of electrical energy in potatoes and lime. The method used is based on the principle that the salt content in potatoes is a solution, where salt is the solute and water is the solvent, so the ions can move freely. The movement of the ions in the potato can conduct electricity. For the contained acid lime affects the hardness of the composite, which affects the matrix and filler bonds. oxalic acid, which is in lime juice, is a type of electrolyte solution. In a voltaic cell, the electrolyte solution can function to deliver ions from the anode to the cathode so that it can produce electrical energy. Electrical energy is energy that is very important in life. Electrical energy is a basic human need so that potatoes and lime can be used as an alternative source of electrical energy.