Biodiversity Survey of Flower-Visiting Spiders Based on Literature Review and Field Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-682
Author(s):  
Qichen Su ◽  
Lin Qi ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yueli Yun ◽  
Yao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Biodiversity Survey ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Biodiversity Study ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Crab Spider ◽  
Pan Traps

Abstract Many arthropods exhibit flower-visiting behavior, including a variety of spider species. However, as spiders are assumed to be strictly predatory, flower-visiting spiders are an often neglected group. We conducted a systematic biodiversity study of flower-visiting spiders based on published papers and field surveys. Most previous studies have focused on the herbivorous behavior of flower-visiting spiders (nectivory or pollinivory) and their effects on host flowers (tritrophic interactions with flower-visiting insects). In our field survey, we utilized standard transect walks (active sampling) and colored pan traps (passive sampling) to investigate species occurrence, diurnal and seasonal variation, and flower color preference of flower-visiting spiders. From the transect walks, crab spider species were found to be the dominant flower-visiting spiders and, based on all spider species, juvenile visitors were significantly more common than adults. Furthermore, in terms of spider number and species richness, tulips were the preferred flower to visit. For the pan traps, wolf spiders were found to be the dominant spider species. No significant differences were observed in the number of spiders caught in different colored pans, suggesting that color may not be an important flower trait in regard to spider preference. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to propose the term ‘flower-visiting spiders’ and conduct a systematic investigation of their diversity. However, this is preliminary research and further studies are required, especially as biodiversity is often closely linked to survey sites and ecotopes.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Flower Visiting Insects on Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench.) in Chitwan, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-385
Author(s):  
L.N. Aryal ◽  
R.B. Thapa ◽  
S. Tiwari ◽  
N.K. Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Pan Traps

This paper presents the finding of the field experiment conducted on monitoring of flower visiting insects on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) at farmers’ field during winter, 2012/13 at Meghauli, Chitwan, Nepal. The abundance and distribution of flower visiting insects were studied by monitoring with insect net and pan traps at 500 m, 1500 m and 2800 m from the natural habitat (forest). The wild insects (wasps and Apis dorsata F.) were found higher near to natural habitat and domesticated insects (Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F.) found more away from the natural habitat or close to housing and apiaries. Besides, Apis florea F., Andrena sp., Synoeca sp., Chalcid sp., Formica sp., Syrphus sp. and various Dipteran, Coleopteran, and Lepidopteran were also the flower visitors of buckwheat close to natural habitat. So, the diversity index varied with distance from the natural habitat, i.e. increase on proximity to natural habitat, i.e. 1.11, 1.25 and 1.62 at 2800 m, 1500 m and 500 m, respectively on sweeping with insect net and 0.65, 1.04 and 1.30 at 2800 m, 1500 m and 500 m, respectively on setting pan traps. Thus, the number and diversity of flower visiting insects get increased on proximity to natural habitat suggesting either conservation of natural habitat (forest) near farming communities or shifting of buckwheat cultivation near to natural habitat for adequate pollination and production.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 380-385

Two new species of the genus Oxytate from China (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4320 (1) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEKE LIU ◽  
JIHE LIU ◽  
XIANG XU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Crab Spider

Two new crab spider species from China are diagnosed, described and illustrated: Oxytate bicornis sp. nov. from Jiangxi and Oxytate palmata sp. nov. from Guangxi. The total number of the known species of Oxytate from China rises to 13 with the addition of two new species described in the present paper. 

scholarly journals Opsin Evolution in Flower-Visiting Beetles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla R. Sharkey ◽  
Gareth S. Powell ◽  
Seth M. Bybee
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Flower Visitor ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Wavelength Sensitivity ◽  
Color Signals ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Insect Visitors

Flowers have evolved signals that exploit the sensory systems of insect visitors. In the case of visual cues, color signals are thought to have been shaped in large part by the spectral sensitivity of key pollinators, such as hymenopterans. Beetles were some of the first plant pollinators, pre-dating the angiosperm radiation but with the exception of a few well-studied species, the evolution of flower-visiting beetle visual systems is poorly understood. Thus, the ability of beetles to detect and distinguish flower color signals and perhaps their potential role in shaping flower coloration is not well understood. Traditional models of pollinator visual systems often assume a putative tri- or tetrachromatic flower-visitor, as is found in bees, flies and butterflies. Beetles are unique among modern pollinators as ancestrally they did not possess the machinery for trichromatic vision, lacking the blue-sensitive photoreceptor class. Research on the evolution of visual genes responsible for wavelength sensitivity (opsins) has revealed that beetles with putative tri- and tetrachromatic visual systems have evolved independently, along multiple lineages. We explore the evolution of beetle visual genes using newly generated and publicly available RNA-seq data from 25 species with flower associations, including previously unexplored key flower-visitor groups and 20 non-flower visiting relatives. Our findings serve as a resource to inform and guide future studies on beetle-flower interactions, where insight from both signal and receiver is needed to better understand these poorly explored systems.

Milkweed Pollinia and Predation Risk to Flower-visiting Insects by the Crab Spider Misumena vatia

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Douglass H. Morse ◽  
Robert S. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Misumena Vatia ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Crab Spider

scholarly journals Introduction to a four-year biodiversity survey of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Yunnan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 14391-14401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bosco Pui Lok Chan ◽  
Zeng Bi ◽  
Shao-Zhong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Yunnan Province ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Biodiversity Survey ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Western Yunnan ◽  
History Of

The Gaoligongshan Mountains in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, is one of the biologically richest areas on Earth.  In 2014, we launched a four-year biodiversity survey in the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve and its immediate vicinity, aiming to update the current diversity, distribution, and status of the mammals, birds, herpetofauna, freshwater fishes, and butterflies on which we have expertise.  Despite the intensity of earlier scientific explorations, our survey resulted in the discoveries of a new genus, a number of new species, genera and species new to China, Gaoligongshan, or Tengchong County, and updated the altitude limits for some species.  Species richness of mammalian and avian fauna, the two groups most susceptible to habitat loss and hunting, remains remarkably high, but past impacts of hunting and habitat degradation were in evidence.  Our results clearly illustrate the immense conservation value of this mountain range and the necessity for more in-depth, focused biodiversity field surveys.  This monograph summarizes our findings, and this chapter gives an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and ecology of Tengchong, a history of earlier and present biodiversity explorations, and conservation recommendations based on our findings.  

Re-examination of the crab spider species Oxytate minuta Tang, Yin et Peng, 2005 (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3588 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
CHI JIN ◽  
FENG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Crab Spider ◽  
India And China

The genus Indoxysticus, established by Benjamin and Jaleel in 2010 with the type species Xysticus minutus (Tikader, 1960), differs from other thomisids by the oval spermathecae with well-defined chambers in the female and by the broad-based embolus in the male (Benjamin & Jaleel 2010). At present, the genus includes only two species, I. minutus (Tikader, 1960) and I. lumbricus Tang & Li, 2010 (Platnick 2012), which are known from India and China, respectively (Tikader 1960; Tang & Li 2010).

Efficiency of Malaise traps and colored pan traps for collecting flower visiting insects from three forested ecosystems

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Campbell ◽  
J. L. Hanula
Keyword(s):  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Forested Ecosystems ◽  
Pan Traps ◽  
Malaise Traps

Importance of body size and hunting strategy during interactions between the Mexican red-rump tarantula (Brachypelma vagans) and the wolf spider Lycosa subfusca

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dor ◽  
Y. Hénaut
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Behavioural Adaptation ◽  
Brachypelma Vagans ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hunting Strategy

Behavioural adaptation helps animals to maximize their ability to obtain food and to avoid being eaten, increasing fitness. To achieve this, they must assess predation risk and evaluate foraging needs simultaneously. In two sympatric spider species, the wandering wolf spider Lycosa subfusca F.O.P. Cambridge, 1902 and the sit-and-wait Mexican red-rump tarantula (Brachypelma vagans Ausserer, 1875), we studied the relationship between predatory behaviour and antipredatory behaviour at different life stages. In the laboratory, encounters were organized between one wolf spider (small, medium-sized, or large) and one tarantula (spiderling, small, medium-sized, or large). Attack latencies and behaviours were recorded. The results showed that wolf spiders attacked and successfully captured younger tarantulas, while they avoided or retreated from older ones. Tarantulas preferentially attacked and captured older wolf spiders. On other hand, younger wolf spiders were more cautious than older ones, which waited until for the tarantulas to attack before retreating. Younger tarantulas were also more cautious than adults, which never retreated from attack and increased their success in attacks with age. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the predatory strategies of both spiders with their perception abilities and life history.

Revision of the Australian Union-Jack wolf spiders, genus Tasmanicosa (Araneae, Lycosidae, Lycosinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4213 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
VOLKER W. FRAMENAU ◽  
BARBARA C. BAEHR
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Nomina Dubia ◽  
Faunal Element ◽  
Future Revision ◽  
Semi Arid

The Australian wolf spider (Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833) genus Tasmanicosa Roewer, 1959 with Lycosa tasmanica Hogg, 1905 as type species is revised to include 14 species: T. godeffroyi (L. Koch, 1865), comb. nov. (= Lycosa tasmanica Hogg, 1905, syn. nov.; = Lycosa zualella Strand, 1907, syn. nov.; = Lycosa woodwardi Simon, 1909, syn. nov.); T. fulgor sp. nov.; T. gilberta (Hogg, 1905) comb. nov.; T. harmsi sp. nov.; T. hughjackmani sp. nov.; T. kochorum sp. nov.; T. leuckartii (Thorell, 1870), comb. nov. (= Lycosa molyneuxi Hogg, 1905, syn. nov.); T. musgravei (McKay, 1974) comb. nov.; T. phyllis (Hogg, 1905) comb. nov. (= Lycosa stirlingae Hogg, 1905, syn. nov.); T. ramosa (L. Koch, 1877), comb. nov.; T. salmo sp. nov.; T. semicincta (L. Koch, 1877) comb. nov.; T. stella sp. nov.; and T. subrufa (Karsch, 1878) comb. nov. Within the Australian wolf spider fauna, the genus Tasmanicosa can be diagnosed by the distinct pattern of radiating light and dark lines forming a “Union-Jack” pattern on the carapace. Male pedipalp morphology identifies the genus as part of the subfamily Lycosinae Sundevall, 1833 due to the presence of a transverse tegular apophysis with dorsal groove guiding the embolus during copulation. However, genital morphology is variable and a synapomorphy based on male pedipalp or female epigyne morphology could not be identified. Members of Tasmanicosa are comparatively large spiders (body length ca. 12–30 mm), that build a shallow burrow, which is sometimes covered with a flimsy trapdoor. Species of Tasmanicosa are largely a Bassian faunal element with preference for open woodlands and/or floodplains, although some species can be found into the semi-arid Australian interior. Two Australian wolf spider species may represent Tasmanicosa based on their original descriptions, but due to immature types in combination with the somatic similarities of all Tasmanicosa species, cannot be identified with certainty. They are therefore considered nomina dubia: Lycosa excusor L. Koch, 1867 and Lycosa infensa L. Koch, 1877. The type species of Orthocosa Roewer, 1960 is transferred to Tasmanicosa; however, in order to prevent some non-Australian wolf spiders in the genus Orthocosa to be transferred into Tasmanicosa, which is considered endemic to Australia, we here place these species into more appropriate genera based on their original descriptions pending a future revision of these species: Arctosa ambigua Denis, 1947 comb. reval.; Alopecosa orophila (Thorell, 1887) comb. nov.; Hygrolycosa tokinagai Saito, 1936 comb. reval. Orthocosa sternomaculata (Mello-Leitão, 1943) is considered a junior synonym of Hogna birabeni (Mello-Leitão, 1943) comb. nov. 

The crab spiders of the Genus Tmarus from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2223 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-68
Author(s):  
GUO TANG ◽  
SHU-QIANG LI
Keyword(s):  
Type Specimens ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Chinese Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Crab Spider ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Crab Spiders

Four new and three known crab spider species of the genus Tmarus are reported from the Xishuangbanna Rainforest of Yunnan, China: T. byssinus sp. nov., T. hastatus sp. nov. male only), T. spicatus sp. nov. (female only), T. undatus sp. nov. (female only), T. menglae Song and Zhao, 1994, T. songi Han and Zhu, 2008 and T. taiwanus Ono, 1977. The male of T. menglae is described for the first time. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.

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