Photosynthetic efficiency, growth and secondary metabolism of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in different controlled-environment production systems

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) are among the most commonly used light sources for plant cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two controlled-environment production systems differing in light sources on growth, photosynthetic activity, and secondary metabolism of common buckwheat. We hypothesized that LED light with the majority of red and blue waves would increase physiological and biochemical parameters compared to sunlight supplemented with HPS lamps. The experiment was performed in a phytotronic chamber (LEDs) and in a greenhouse (solar radiation supplemented with HPS lamps as a control). The effects were analyzed at the flowering phase with biometric measurements, leaf chlorophyll index, the kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence, content of soluble carbohydrates and phenolics in the leaves. Applied LED light decreased the biomass but stimulated the production of phenolics compared to control plants. In control plants, a positive correlation between flavonoid content and energy dissipation from photosystem II (DIo/CSm) was found, while in plants under LEDs total pool of phenolic content correlated with this parameter and the quantum yield of electron transport (φ Ro and ψ Ro) was lower than that of the control, probably affecting buckwheat biomass.

Removal of Volatile Toluene Using K2CO3-Activated Carbon Adsorbents Prepared from Buckwheat Hull

Carbon adsorbents for use in the removal of gaseous toluene from the air were prepared from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hull. A chemically-activated adsorbent was prepared via the impregnation of raw hull powder with potassium carbonate, followed by thermal decomposition. The chemically-activated adsorbent exhibited improved adsorption capacity for toluene compared to the adsorbent prepared without chemical activation. Toluene concentration in the air decreased from 220 ppm to 160 ppm during 24 h of adsorption using unactivated adsorbent. Only a trace amount of toluene remained after the adsorption under the same conditions using K2CO3-activated adsorbent. This improvement was explained based on experimental results, specifically, iodine adsorption tests, methylene blue adsorption tests, and microscopic observations. Chemical activation dramatically increased the specific surface area of the adsorbent and created mesopores capable of adsorbing toluene. This study revealed that a mesoporous adsorbent for use in volatile toluene removal can be prepared from waste biomass (buckwheat hull) by chemical activation using potassium carbonate.

Całkowita zawartość polifenoli i aktywność antyoksydacyjna nasion, kaszy i kiełków gryki

Gryka (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) jest jednoroczną rośliną należącą do rodziny rdestowatych (Polygonaceae). Spożywa się ją głównie w postaci kaszy, a w zależności od procesu wytwarzania otrzymujemy następujące kasze: prażona, nieprażona (biała), kaszka krakowska (nieprażone łamane ziarna). Nasiona gryki doskonale nadają się do hodowli kiełków, które są cennym produktem spożywczym, zawierającym mało kalorii, a dużo składników mineralnych, kwasów organicznych, witamin oraz polifenoli. Celem pracy było oznaczenie w nasionach gryki, w kaszy gryczanej i w kiełkach gryki (w różnym dniu kiełkowania i w różnych częściach kiełków) aktywności antyoksydacyjnej metodą FRAP oraz całkowitej zawartości polifenoli, metodą Folina-Ciocalteu’a. Najmniej polifenoli zawierała kasza gryczana i wykazywała najmniejszą aktywność antyoksydacyjną. Kiełkowanie wpłynęło na zwiększenie aktywności antyoksydacyjnej i całkowitej zawartości polifenoli. Liścienie uzyskanych kiełków charakteryzowały się najsilniejszymi właściwościami antyoksydacyjnymi i najwyższą całkowitą zawartością polifenoli. Stwierdzono silną korelację pomiędzy aktywnością antyoksydacyjną a całkowitą zawartością polifenoli we wszystkich badanych próbach.

Results study foreign varieties and agrotechniqs of buchwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Buckwheat is one of the most important traditional pseudocereals and a multipurpose crop, belonging to genus Fagopirum of the family Polygonaceae. Buckwheat grain grown mainly for human consumption and as animal feed, although it can also be used as a vegetable, a green manure crop, as a smother crop to crowd out weeds and as a source of buckwheat honey. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has been a crop of secondary importance in many countries and it has persisted through centuries of civilization and enters into the agriculture of nearly every country where cereals are cultivated. The objective of the research was to establish optimal agrotechnology including, possible varieties, vegetation period, planting space and seed quality in cultivating Fagopyrum esculentum Moench in Central cropping region of Mongolia. The results showed the chosen varieties matured around 88 to 108 days of planting and the harvest weighed 5.8-11.3 centner per hectare. Among them, the russian variety, Zyemlyachka, planted on 15th May, provided the greatest yield at 1.8-3.2 centner per hectare. Furthermore, planting the said cultivar at a distance of 30 cm between rows, resulted in higher yield (1.30-3.91 centner per hectare) than other alternatives. All of the chosen varieties in the study yielded high quality seeds, good grain evenness and less hulled seeds.

Productivity Responses of Buckwheat IPR 91 Baili to Different Doses of NPK in Brazil

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a prominent crop in today’s agriculture. However, information about its behavior at different doses of NPK fertilization is scarce. The aim of this work was to determine the ideal fertilizer dose for the buckwheat cultivar IPR 91 Baili by establishing the dose-response curve. Two experiments were carried out (greenhouse and in the field). The treatments consisted of different doses of NPK (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg ha-1). After the crop cycle, productivity was obtained. There was a statistical difference between the treatments and the control, in both experiments. The lowest yields were obtained in the controls, 2,301.156 and 2,262.500 kg ha-1, and the highest 4,052.023 and 4,027.778 kg ha-1 at the dose of 500 kg ha-1, in the greenhouse and in the field, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the NPK doses for the yield obtained. The rural producer must use the lowest dose (100 kg ha-1). Future experiments are needed to evaluate the culture response to doses below 100 kg ha-1.

Effect of cytokinins on growth and phenylpropanoid accumulation in Tartary buckwheat sprouts (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

This study analyzed the effect of plant hormones, zeatin, 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), kinetin, and thidiazuron (TDZ) on the growth of Tartary buckwheat sprouts and analyzed the fresh weight, shoot and root length, and production of phenolic compounds. All the hormone-treated plants at the lowest concentration (0.1 mg/L) showed the highest levels of growth parameters (fresh weight, shoot, and root length) when compared to the control. Among the various hormones treatment, the plant treated with 1 mg/L of BAP, kinetin, and zeatin showed the highest total phenolic level, whereas the TDZ showed the highest accumulation of total phenolic at the lowest concentration (0.1 mg/L). A total of 6 compounds were identified (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and trans-cinnamic acid) were quantified by high liquid performance chromatography (HPLC) after treatment of plant with different concentrations of hormones. Among these individual phenolic compounds, at the higher hormonal concentration (1 mg/L) the rutin showed the highest accumulation in BAP, zeatin, and kinetin treated sprout, whereas in the TDZ treated sprout the rutin content was highest at the lowest concentration (0.1 mg/L). From these results, it is suggested that BAP, zeatin, and kinetin at the lowest concentrations might positively enhance the growth of buckwheat sprouts, whereas at the highest hormonal treatment the accumulation of the phenolic compounds was higher. However, in TDZ treatment the growth and phenolic compound accumulation were highest at the lowest concentration. From these results, it is showed that suitable concentrations might enhance the growth and phenolic compound accumulation in Tatary buckwheat sprout.

Silver Hull Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a Part of Nature that Offers Best Health and Honour

The gluten-free pseudocereal Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Silver hull buckwheat) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, which has a long history of both edible and medicinal use. It's a highly nutritious food ingredient that's been shown to have a variety of health benefits. Plasma cholesterol levels are lowered, neuroprotection is given, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects are provided, and hypertension conditions are improved thanks to Silver hull buckwheat. It has also been stated to have prebiotic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this review was to include an up-to-date and detailed study of F. esculentum. Furthermore, the potential for future research was addressed. Flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, hormones, and fatty acids are among the various compounds derived from F. esculentum. The main active ingredients were believed to be flavonoids and phenolic compounds. All of the information presented leads us to believe that Silver hull buckwheat has a strong medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to better understand its bioactive constituents, their structural functions, and molecular mechanisms underlying.