What causes health inequality? A systematic review on the relative importance of social causation and health selection

Abstract BackgroundThis paper estimates trend of health mobility in South Africa using National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) and investigate whether the patterns of health mobility differs within socioeconomic groups created by income and gender. Health is measured by SRHS, which correlates with mortality and morbidity; thus, it is the best measure of health. MethodsUsing five waves of NIDS and various econometric models, this research estimates health mobility in the period between 2007 and 2017. This study will use transition matrix as descriptive analysis of health mobility and Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimations to analyse health mobility, trend of health mobility and relationship between health mobility and health inequality within NIDS. ResultsThe study shows that, among poor males, health mobility neither follows a health selection or health constraint mobility trend; the high health mobility with ambiguous trends has not decreased health inequality. Among the poor females, a negative health mobility trend is observed; this research also found that health inequality has not creased. Among the non-poor males, it is found that health mobility follows a gradient constraint trend which has decreased health inequality. Among non-poor females, it is found that health mobility follows a health selection trend which has not decreased health inequality. The results suggest that policy makers should target both social determinants of health and health campaigns to deal with health inequality among the poor males. ConclusionsThe trend of health mobility among poor females suggest that policy makers should target the social determinants of health to combat health inequality. The trend of health mobility among the non-poor males suggests that health mobility will eliminate health inequality. Lastly, the trend of health mobility suggests that policymakers should target health campaigns to deal with health inequality.

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Is There a Health Inequality in Gambling Related Harms? A Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31441/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jodie Raybould ◽

Michael Larkin ◽

Richard Tunney

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Health Inequality ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Gambling Behaviour ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

General Terms ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Gambling Harms

Abstract Background: Here we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and play frequency. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Inclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) research of non-human subjects; 2) not written in English; 3) not an empirical study; 3) not available as a full article.Methods: We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases in August 2020. Assessment of quality took place using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria.Results: A total of 59 studies published between 1994 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity and culture, risk severity, and gambling behaviours. Conclusion: Harms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately.

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Is There a Health Inequality in Gambling Related Harms? A Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31441/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jodie Raybould ◽

Michael Larkin ◽

Richard Tunney

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Health Inequality ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Gambling Behaviour ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

General Terms ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Gambling Harms

Abstract Background: Here we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and play frequency. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Inclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) research of non-human subjects; 2) not written in English; 3) not an empirical study; 3) not available as a full article.Methods: We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases in August 2020. Assessment of quality took place using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria.Results: A total of 59 studies published between 1994 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity and culture, risk severity, and gambling behaviours. Conclusion: Harms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately.

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Is There a Health Inequality in Gambling Related Harms? A Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31441/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jodie Raybould ◽

Michael Larkin ◽

Richard Tunney

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Health Inequality ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Gambling Behaviour ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

General Terms ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Gambling Harms

Abstract Background: Here we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and play frequency.Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Inclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) research of non-human subjects; 2) not written in English; 3) not an empirical study; 3) not available as a full article.Methods: We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases in February 2020. Assessment of quality took place using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria.Results: 56 studies published between 1994 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity and culture, risk severity, and gambling behaviours.Conclusion: Harms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately.

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Is There a Health Inequality in Gambling Related Harms? A Systematic Review

10.1101/19012104 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

J.N Raybould ◽

M Larkin ◽

R. J Tunney

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Health Inequality ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Gambling Behaviour ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

General Terms ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Target Prevention ◽

Gambling Harms

ABSTRACTObjectiveHere we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and play frequency.Primary and Secondary Outcome MeasuresInclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) not written in English; 2) not an empirical study (i.e. an editorial piece or letter); 3) not available as a full article.SearchA systematic search was conducted using the Web of Science database in August 2019. Selected studies were assessed for quality using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria.ResultsForty-Seven studies published between 2006 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, risk severity and gambling behaviours. However, the majority of research regarding gender concluded that harm profiles were similar, or differences could be explained by confounding variables.ConclusionHarms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately.

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Is There a Health Inequality in Gambling Related Harms? A Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31441/v5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jodie Raybould ◽

Michael Larkin ◽

Richard Tunney

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Health Inequality ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Gambling Behaviour ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

General Terms ◽

Standard Quality ◽

Gambling Harms

Abstract Background: Here we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and participation frequency. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Inclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) research of non-human subjects; 2) not written in English; 3) not an empirical study; 3) not available as a full article. Methods: We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases in August 2020. Assessment of quality took place using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria. Results: A total of 59 studies published between 1994 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity and culture, risk severity, and gambling behaviours. Conclusion: Harms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately.

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Patient values and preferences regarding VTE disease: a systematic review to inform American Society of Hematology guidelines

Blood Advances ◽

10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000462 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 953-968 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Itziar Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta ◽

Yuan Zhang ◽

Francesca Brundisini ◽

Ivan D. Florez ◽

Wojtek Wiercioch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Qualitative Studies ◽

Health State ◽

Cochrane Central Register ◽

Theory Approach ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Health States ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

American Society

Abstract Values and preferences relate to the importance that patients place on health outcomes (eg, bleeding, having a deep venous thrombosis) and are essential when weighing benefits and harms in guideline recommendations. To inform the American Society of Hematology guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) disease, we conducted a systematic review of patients’ values and preferences related to VTE. We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from inception to April of 2018 (PROSPERO-CRD42018094003). We included quantitative and qualitative studies. We followed Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidance for rating the certainty and presenting findings for quantitative research about the relative importance of health outcomes and a grounded theory approach for qualitative thematic synthesis. We identified 14 quantitative studies (2465 participants) describing the relative importance of VTE-related health states in a widely diverse population of patients, showing overall small to important impact on patients’ lives (certainty of the evidence from low to moderate). Additionally, evidence from 34 quantitative studies (6424 participants) and 15 qualitative studies (570 participants) revealed that patients put higher value on VTE risk reduction than on the potential harms of the treatment (certainty of evidence from low to moderate). Studies also suggested a clear preference for oral medication over subcutaneous medication (moderate certainty). The observed variability in health state values may be a result of differences in the approaches used to elicit them and the diversity of included populations rather than true variability in values. This finding highlights the necessity to explore the variability induced by different approaches to ascertain values.

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