scholarly journals Cultural values and adolescents’ health inequalities in 21 European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dierckens ◽  
B De Clercq ◽  
B Deforche
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Background culture is believed to have an important impact on health and health inequalities and this may vary between countries. Empirical data are however scarce, especially in adolescent populations. We examined the impact of cultural values (emancipatory values index) on cross-national variations in adolescent health, health inequalities and evolutions in these inequalities. Methods individual-level data from 21 countries participating in the 2002/2006/2010/2014 waves of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study were combined with country-level data from the World Values Longitudinal Dataset (n = 416777). Multilevel linear and logistic regression analyses were performed accounting for the hierarchical data structure (individual, country-year and country level). Results cultural value differences between countries were weakly related to adolescents’ health and health behaviour but had a profound impact on the magnitude of inequalities. In countries characterised by a high level of emancipatory values, material (family affluence-based) inequalities in both health and health behaviours tended to be lower whereas non-material (occupational social class-based) inequalities tended to be higher, in particular for health behaviours. Preliminary results also indicated that cultural value differences between countries may play a significant role in the evolution of adolescent health inequalities. Conclusions our findings suggest that between-countries’ cultural value differences may partly explain cross-national variations in adolescents’ health inequalities and in the evolution of these inequalities. By identifying cultural value differences in health, health inequalities and evolutions in health inequalities, this study helps informing policies better to tackle these inequalities. Key messages Cultural value differences between countries have a profound impact on the magnitude of inequalities in adolescents’ health and health behaviours and on the evolution of these inequalities. Identifying cultural value differences in adolescents’ health, health inequalities and evolutions in these inequalities is necessary to inform policies better to tackle these inequalities.

scholarly journals Secularism and Fertility Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110313
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World

This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources ( n = 181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey ( n = 83,301), the author documents a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline absent substantial immigration, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.

scholarly journals Of Pride and Prejudice—A Cross-National Exploration of Atheists’ National Pride

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Insa Bechert
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Perceived Relevance ◽  
Cross National

This paper explores how atheism relates to national pride. Previous research reports the strong positive relationship between religiosity and national pride. Inversely, it can be assumed that atheists feel less national pride. Whether this assumption holds true and whether the perceived relevance of religiosity for values perceived as fundamental for national pride is a national-specific or a global phenomenon will be investigated here by examining attitudes towards atheists and assessing cross-nationally how proud atheists truly are of their countries. The data reveals cross-country differences in both respects. In highly religious countries, prejudice against atheists is pronounced, while atheists’ feelings of national pride indeed tend to be weaker. But what exactly predicts atheists’ feelings of national pride? For a Multilevel Analysis of this question, this article uses the ONBound database offering cumulated and harmonized data from international survey programs as well as linked country-level data on national identities and religion. Results identify countries’ ideological background as one of the crucial country-level predictors for national pride among atheists. In highly religious countries, people who deny religion also seem to possess ambivalent feelings towards their country. In turn, if the state ideology opposes religion, atheists tend to support the combination of anti-religiousness and patriotism.

scholarly journals Ethnic Inequality and the Dismantling of Democracy: A Global Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Houle
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
National Test ◽  
Group Inequality ◽  
Cross National

Does inequality between ethnic groups destabilize democracies? While the literature largely agrees that inequality harms democracies, previous studies typically focus on the overall level of inequality in a society, leaving unanswered questions about the effect of inequality between ethnic groups. This article fills this gap and argues that inequality between ethnic groups harms the consolidation of democracy but that its effect is strongest when inequality within groups is low. Using group- and country-level data from more than seventy-one democracies and 241 ethnic groups worldwide, the author conducts the first cross-national test to date of the effect of ethnic inequality on transitions away from democracy. Results provide support for the hypothesis: when within-ethnic-group inequality (WGI) is low, between-ethnic-group inequality (BGI) harms democracy, but when WGI is high, BGI has no discernable effect.

Are cultural values the same as the values of individuals? An examination of similarities in personal, social and cultural value structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Fischer ◽  
Ype H. Poortinga
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Structure ◽  
Business Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Value Structures ◽  
International Business Research ◽  
Multi Level

Value dimensions are used widely to make distinctions between countries and also serve to explain behaviour of individuals within countries. There is a paradox: leading researchers (Hofstede, 1980; Schwartz, 1994) have been adamant that country-level value structures differ from those at individual level. A recent analysis has suggested that dimensional structures at the two levels show substantial overlap. The current multi-level study extends previous research by examining to what extent ratings of the values of others can serve as an intermediate structure to help determine the degree of isomorphism between individual and culture-level structures. The findings indicate that a single value structure across levels is most parsimonious. Implications for international business research are discussed.

scholarly journals Latent class models for cross-national comparisons: the association between individual and national-level fertility and partnership characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lyons-Amos
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Cross National

Multilevel modelling techniques such as random models or fixed effect are increasingly used in social sciences and demography to both account for clustering within higher level aggregations and evaluate the interaction between individual and contextual information. While this is justifiable in some studies, the extension of multilevel models to national level analysis — and particularly cross-national comparative analysis — is problematic and can hamper the understanding of the interplay between individual and country level characteristics. This paper proposes an alternative approach, which allocates countries to classes based on economic, labour market and policy characteristics. Classes influence the profiles of three key demographic behaviours at a sub-national level: marriage, cohabitation and first birth timing. Woman level data are drawn from a subset of the Harmonized Histories dataset, and national level information from the GGP contextual database. In this example, three country classes are extracted reflecting two Western patterns and an Eastern pattern, divided approximately along the Hajnal line. While Western countries tend to exhibit higher levels of family allowances albeit accounting for a lower share of spending which is associated with lower marriage and later fertility, Eastern countries generally show a higher share of spending but at lower absolute levels with lower cohabitation rates and early fertility.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Consumer Stockpiling Across Cultures During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1069031X2110375
Author(s):  
Iman Ahmadi ◽  
Johannes Habel ◽  
Miaolei Jia ◽  
Nick Lee ◽  
Sarah Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dimension Theory ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Health Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 (coronavirus) outbreak a pandemic. In the following days, media reports showed that consumers increasingly stockpiled groceries and household supplies. Interestingly, behavioral data shows that this stockpiling exhibited considerable heterogeneity across countries. Building on cultural dimension theory, the authors theorize that this heterogeneity can be explained by countries' cultural values: Consumer stockpiling after the WHO's announcement was more pronounced in countries whose residents show high uncertainty avoidance, low long-term orientation, low indulgence, and high individualism. The authors confirm these propositions using global mobility data from Google matched with country-level data on cultural values, pandemic reaction policies, and other key variables. This research note thereby integrates the previously disconnected literature on cultural dimension theory and consumer stockpiling in general, as well as providing new and significant knowledge about cross-cultural consumer behavior in crises. Furthermore, the authors provide actionable insights for international policymakers and business managers who aim to predict or control consumer stockpiling in future global crises, in order to enhance consumer well-being.

scholarly journals Mapping the evidence regarding school-to-work/university transition and health inequalities among young adults: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e039831
Author(s):  
Paula Mayara Matos Fialho ◽  
Nico Dragano ◽  
Marvin Reuter ◽  
Maria-Inti Metzendorf ◽  
Bernd Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
University Transition

IntroductionSchool-to-work/university transition is a sensitive period that can have a substantial impact on health and health behaviour over the life course. There is some indication that health and health behaviour is socially patterned in the age span of individuals in this transition (16–24 years) and that there are differences by socioeconomic position (SEP). However, evidence regarding this phenomenon has not been systematically mapped. In addition, little is known about the role of institutional characteristics (eg, of universities, workplaces) in the development of health and possible inequalities in health during this transition. Hence, the first objective of this scoping review is to systematically map the existing evidence regarding health and health behaviours (and possible health inequalities, for example, differences by SEP) in the age group of 16–24 years and during school-to-work transition noted in Germany and abroad. The second objective is to summarise the evidence on the potential effects of contextual and compositional characteristics of specific institutions entered during this life stage on health and health behaviours. Third, indicators and measures of these characteristics will be summarised.Methods and analysisWe will systematically map the evidence on health inequalities during school-to-work-transitions among young adults (aged 16–24 years), following the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The literature search is performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, International Labour Organization and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, using a predetermined search strategy. Articles published between January 2000 and February 2020 in English or German are considered for the review. The selection process follows a two-step approach: (1) screening of titles and abstracts, and (2) screening of full texts, both steps by two independent reviewers. Any discrepancies in the selection process are resolved by a third researcher. Data extraction will be performed using a customised data extraction sheet. The results will be presented in tabular and narrative form.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this scoping review. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented at international conferences and project workshops.

Cross-national Variation in E-retail Spending: Longitudinal Country-Level Data Evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (1) ◽  
pp. 12545
Author(s):  
Nir B Kshetri ◽  
Ralf Bebenroth ◽  
Nick Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Secularism and Fertility Worldwide

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World

This study proposes and explores a new fertility determinant: societal secularism. Using country-level data from multiple sources (N=181) and multilevel data from 58 countries in the World Values Survey (N=83,301), I document a strong negative relationship between societal secularism and both country-level fertility rates and individual-level fertility behavior. Secularism, even in small amounts, is associated with population stagnation or even decline, whereas highly religious countries have higher fertility rates that promote population growth. This country-level pattern is driven by more than aggregate lower fertility of secular individuals. In fact, societal secularism is a better predictor of highly religious individuals’ fertility behavior than that of secular individuals, and this pattern is largely a function of cultural values related to gender, reproduction, and autonomy in secular societies. Beyond their importance for the religious composition of the world population, the patterns presented in this study are relevant to key fertility theories and could help account for below-replacement fertility.

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