scholarly journals Latent class models for cross-national comparisons: the association between individual and national-level fertility and partnership characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lyons-Amos
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Cross National

Multilevel modelling techniques such as random models or fixed effect are increasingly used in social sciences and demography to both account for clustering within higher level aggregations and evaluate the interaction between individual and contextual information. While this is justifiable in some studies, the extension of multilevel models to national level analysis — and particularly cross-national comparative analysis — is problematic and can hamper the understanding of the interplay between individual and country level characteristics. This paper proposes an alternative approach, which allocates countries to classes based on economic, labour market and policy characteristics. Classes influence the profiles of three key demographic behaviours at a sub-national level: marriage, cohabitation and first birth timing. Woman level data are drawn from a subset of the Harmonized Histories dataset, and national level information from the GGP contextual database. In this example, three country classes are extracted reflecting two Western patterns and an Eastern pattern, divided approximately along the Hajnal line. While Western countries tend to exhibit higher levels of family allowances albeit accounting for a lower share of spending which is associated with lower marriage and later fertility, Eastern countries generally show a higher share of spending but at lower absolute levels with lower cohabitation rates and early fertility.

Environmental Behavior in Cross-National Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Pisano ◽  
Mark Lubell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Proenvironmental Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross National

This article seeks to explain cross-national differences on environmental behavior. After controlling for a series of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, it was predicted that national levels of wealth, postmaterialism, education development, and environmental problems are positively related to environmental behavior. The national-level variance is to a substantial degree explained by individual-level variables, capturing compositional effects. The remaining variance is explained by the contextual-level variables. All of the country-level variables are predictors in the expected direction, with the exception of environmental degradation, which is negatively related to behavior, and education development, which has no impact on private environmental behavior. More importantly, cross-level interactions show that in more developed countries, there are stronger relationships between proecological attitudes and reported proenvironmental behavior. These findings contribute to the growing cross-cultural research on environmental behavior pointing out the necessity of simultaneously assessing the effects of both individual and contextual-level forces affecting behavior across nations.

scholarly journals Cultural values and adolescents’ health inequalities in 21 European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dierckens ◽  
B De Clercq ◽  
B Deforche
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Background culture is believed to have an important impact on health and health inequalities and this may vary between countries. Empirical data are however scarce, especially in adolescent populations. We examined the impact of cultural values (emancipatory values index) on cross-national variations in adolescent health, health inequalities and evolutions in these inequalities. Methods individual-level data from 21 countries participating in the 2002/2006/2010/2014 waves of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study were combined with country-level data from the World Values Longitudinal Dataset (n = 416777). Multilevel linear and logistic regression analyses were performed accounting for the hierarchical data structure (individual, country-year and country level). Results cultural value differences between countries were weakly related to adolescents’ health and health behaviour but had a profound impact on the magnitude of inequalities. In countries characterised by a high level of emancipatory values, material (family affluence-based) inequalities in both health and health behaviours tended to be lower whereas non-material (occupational social class-based) inequalities tended to be higher, in particular for health behaviours. Preliminary results also indicated that cultural value differences between countries may play a significant role in the evolution of adolescent health inequalities. Conclusions our findings suggest that between-countries’ cultural value differences may partly explain cross-national variations in adolescents’ health inequalities and in the evolution of these inequalities. By identifying cultural value differences in health, health inequalities and evolutions in health inequalities, this study helps informing policies better to tackle these inequalities. Key messages Cultural value differences between countries have a profound impact on the magnitude of inequalities in adolescents’ health and health behaviours and on the evolution of these inequalities. Identifying cultural value differences in adolescents’ health, health inequalities and evolutions in these inequalities is necessary to inform policies better to tackle these inequalities.

scholarly journals COVID-19 European regional tracker

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asjad Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
European Regional

AbstractThis Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units in Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.

scholarly journals Of Pride and Prejudice—A Cross-National Exploration of Atheists’ National Pride

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Insa Bechert
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Perceived Relevance ◽  
Cross National

This paper explores how atheism relates to national pride. Previous research reports the strong positive relationship between religiosity and national pride. Inversely, it can be assumed that atheists feel less national pride. Whether this assumption holds true and whether the perceived relevance of religiosity for values perceived as fundamental for national pride is a national-specific or a global phenomenon will be investigated here by examining attitudes towards atheists and assessing cross-nationally how proud atheists truly are of their countries. The data reveals cross-country differences in both respects. In highly religious countries, prejudice against atheists is pronounced, while atheists’ feelings of national pride indeed tend to be weaker. But what exactly predicts atheists’ feelings of national pride? For a Multilevel Analysis of this question, this article uses the ONBound database offering cumulated and harmonized data from international survey programs as well as linked country-level data on national identities and religion. Results identify countries’ ideological background as one of the crucial country-level predictors for national pride among atheists. In highly religious countries, people who deny religion also seem to possess ambivalent feelings towards their country. In turn, if the state ideology opposes religion, atheists tend to support the combination of anti-religiousness and patriotism.

scholarly journals COVID-19 European regional tracker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asjad Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
European Regional

ABSTRACTThis Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units of Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.

Financialisation, institutions and financing constraints in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charilaos Mertzanis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Financial Depth ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper uses a consistent firm-level data from the World Banks Enterprise Surveys to explore the impact of financialisation in the economy on firms’ access to finance in 138 developing countries. Access to finance reflects survey-based firms’ perceptions of external financing constraints. Financialisation is proxied by consistent cross-country measures of financial depth. These proxies capture separately the role of bank-based versus market-based financing. Firm-, sector- and country-level information is jointly used for the analysis. Firm-specific characteristics and economic and non-economic national factors are included as controls. The results show that the proxies of financialisation are broadly robust predictors of financing constraints of firms in developing countries. However, the magnitude of the financialisation effect varies between bank-based and market-based channels of financing as well as between low- and high-income countries, and it is influenced by social, institutional and religious factors.

scholarly journals Ethnic Inequality and the Dismantling of Democracy: A Global Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Houle
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
National Test ◽  
Group Inequality ◽  
Cross National

Does inequality between ethnic groups destabilize democracies? While the literature largely agrees that inequality harms democracies, previous studies typically focus on the overall level of inequality in a society, leaving unanswered questions about the effect of inequality between ethnic groups. This article fills this gap and argues that inequality between ethnic groups harms the consolidation of democracy but that its effect is strongest when inequality within groups is low. Using group- and country-level data from more than seventy-one democracies and 241 ethnic groups worldwide, the author conducts the first cross-national test to date of the effect of ethnic inequality on transitions away from democracy. Results provide support for the hypothesis: when within-ethnic-group inequality (WGI) is low, between-ethnic-group inequality (BGI) harms democracy, but when WGI is high, BGI has no discernable effect.

Inglehart’s scarcity hypothesis revisited: Is postmaterialism a macro- or micro-level phenomenon around the world?

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Nový ◽  
Michael L Smith ◽  
Tomáš Katrňák
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Cross National

Inglehart’s theory of postmaterialism hinged on the scarcity hypothesis, according to which the spread of postmaterialist values depends on the degree of individuals’ and societies’ existential security, rooted in macro-level economic conditions. But does a country’s level of economic development systematically shape individuals’ existential security, and thus postmaterialism? In this article, the authors revisit this question by utilizing 2010–2014 World Values Survey data for testing whether the effect of existential security on postmaterialism varies by macro-conditions across 59 countries representing 72% of the world’s population. Based on multilevel models, the authors find strong effects of individuals’ socioeconomic conditions on postmaterialism, confirming one aspect of the scarcity hypothesis, but also find weak associations between the effects of those conditions by economic factors at the national level. While there is substantial cross-national variation in the effect of individual scarcity, that variation cannot be accounted for by the macro-conditions predicted by the theory.

Ecological studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Jayati Das-Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Over Time

Ecological studies use aggregated data to infer correlation of exposures with outcomes over time, or by place. One of the first examples of an ecological study was Emile Durkheim’s exploration of country-level factors underlying suicide, first published in 1897. Ecological studies have continued to hold an important place in psychiatry, particularly for developing hypotheses. They can also be used to assess the impact of policies on health outcomes over time. There are important limitations associated with ecological study designs, in particular the ability to make causal inferences at the individual level. Multilevel modelling approaches are an important analytic development in the field, which allow the possibility of using group-level information alongside individual-level attributes in analyses. In the first part of this chapter, some examples of ecological studies and their advantages and disadvantages will be introduced. In the second part of this chapter, multilevel modelling techniques will be briefly introduced and discussed with respect to their use in overcoming some of the limitations of geographical ecological studies.

scholarly journals A city-level comparison of fossil-fuel and industry processes-induced CO2 emissions over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from eight emission inventories

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Han ◽  
Ning Zeng ◽  
Tomohiro Oda ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
National Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

Abstract Background Quantifying CO2 emissions from cities is of great importance because cities contribute more than 70% of the global total CO2 emissions. As the largest urbanized megalopolis region in northern China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji, JJJ) region (population: 112.7 million) is under considerable pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the several emission inventories covering the JJJ region, a comprehensive evaluation of the CO2 emissions at the prefectural city scale in JJJ is still limited, and this information is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies. Results Here, we collected and analyzed 8 published emission inventories to assess the emissions and uncertainty at the JJJ city level. The results showed that a large discrepancy existed in the JJJ emissions among downscaled country-level emission inventories, with total emissions ranging from 657 to 1132 Mt CO2 (or 849 ± 214 for mean ± standard deviation (SD)) in 2012, while emission estimates based on provincial-level data estimated emissions to be 1038 and 1056 Mt. Compared to the mean emissions of city-data-based inventories (989 Mt), provincial-data-based inventories were 6% higher, and national-data-based inventories were 14% lower. Emissions from national-data-based inventories were 53–75% lower in the high-emitting industrial cities of Tangshan and Handan, while they were 47–160% higher in Beijing and Tianjin than those from city-data-based inventories. Spatially, the emissions pattern was consistent with the distribution of urban areas, and urban emissions in Beijing contributed 50–70% of the total emissions. Higher emissions from Beijing and Tianjin resulted in lower estimates of prefectural cities in Hebei for some national inventories. Conclusions National-level data-based emission inventories produce large differences in JJJ prefectural city-level emission estimates. The city-level statistics data-based inventories produced more consistent estimates. The consistent spatial distribution patterns recognized by these inventories (such as high emissions in southern Beijing, central Tianjin and Tangshan) potentially indicate areas with robust emission estimates. This result could be useful in the efficient deployment of monitoring instruments, and if proven by such measurements, it will increase our confidence in inventories and provide support for policy makers trying to reduce emissions in key regions.

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