scholarly journals Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F Q Smith ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Fungal Pathogenesis ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Invertebrate Model ◽  
Fungal Interactions ◽  
Fungal Immunity ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In recent decades, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) have emerged as a model system to explore experimental aspects of fungal pathogenesis. The benefits of the G. mellonella model include being faster, cheaper, higher-throughput, and easier compared to vertebrate models. Additionally, as invertebrates, their use is subject to fewer ethical and regulatory issues. However, for G. mellonella models to provide meaningful insight into fungal pathogenesis, the G. mellonella-fungal interactions must be comparable to mammalian-fungal interactions. Indeed, as discussed in the review, studies suggest that G. mellonella and mammalian immune systems share many similarities, and fungal virulence factors show conserved functions in both hosts. While the moth model has opened novel research areas, many comparisons are superficial and leave large gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed concerning specific mechanisms underlying G. mellonella-fungal interactions. Closing these gaps in understanding will strengthen G. mellonella as a model for fungal virulence in the upcoming years. In this review we provide comprehensive comparisons between fungal pathogenesis in mammals and G. mellonellqa from immunological and virulence perspectives. When information on an antifungal immune component is unknown in G. mellonella, we include findings from other well-studied Lepidoptera. We hope that by outlining this information available in related species we highlight areas of needed research and provide a framework for understanding G. mellonella immunity and fungal interactions.

scholarly journals Microbiology's next top model: Galleria in the molecular age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hue Dinh ◽  
Lucie Semenec ◽  
Sheemal S Kumar ◽  
Francesca L Short ◽  
Amy K Cain
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Invertebrate Model

Abstract Galleria mellonella has risen to fame as an invertebrate model organism given its ethical advantages, low maintenance costs, rapid reproduction time, short life cycle, high number of progeny, tolerance for human body temperatures, innate immune system and similarities to mammalian host models. It is increasingly being utilised to evaluate in vivo toxicity and efficacy of chemical compounds and antimicrobials, modelling microbial (bacterial, fungal, viral) pathogenicity and assessing host-pathogen interaction during infection. During this molecular age of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and genetic manipulation approaches, our understanding of microbial pathogenicity and host-pathogen interactions has deepened from high-throughput molecular studies performed in G. mellonella. In this review, we describe the use of G. mellonella in a broad range of studies involving omics, drug resistance, functional analysis and host-microbial community relationships. The future of G. mellonella in the molecular age is bright, with a multitude of new approaches and uses for this model from clinical to biotechnological on the horizon.

scholarly journals Effects of Cu, Zn and Their Mixtures on Bioaccumulation and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Galleria Mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagmur Mese ◽  
Benay Tuncsoy ◽  
Pınar Ozalp
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Bioindicator Species ◽  
Detoxification Systems ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Abstract The effects of Cu, Zn and their mixture on bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities of midgut and fat body of Galleria mellonella larvae were investigated. The application of metals as a mixture showed a synergistic effect and the accumulation levels were increased in both tissues. Zn accumulation increased in midgut and fat body of G. mellonella larvae exposed to metal singly. On the other hand, Cu accumulation increased in midgut, while a decrease was observed in fat body exposed to Cu singly. Moreover, it was determined that oxidative stress was occured in midgut and fat body of G. mellonella larvae with significant decreases and increases in antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities when fed singly and in mixture with different concentrations of Cu and Zn. Understanding the reactions of G. mellonella, which is a model organism showing immune system responses similar to vertebrates and bioindicator species, to metals by detoxification systems, which is an important parameter in insect physiology, is thought to contribute to future toxicological, genotoxic, physiological and ecotoxicological studies. G. mellonella larvae, which were used as a model organism, shows a similar reaction to mammals.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF PYRETHRUM EXTRACT ON Galleria mellonella HEMOLYMPH PHENOLOXIDASE ENZYME

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Serhat KAYA
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Larval Hemolymph ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Microplate Reader

Pyrethrum is a natural neurotoxic insecticide which is obtained from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plant. Pyrethrum extract causes DNA damage, genotoxic effect, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inhibition of biochemical processes. The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is gaining increasing attention in immunity studies as an invertebrate model organism. Melanization, which is the most important response of invertebrate humoral immunity, occurs when inactive prophenoloxidase turns into phenoloxidase enzyme. Changes in phenoloxidase enzyme activity are an important marker for humoral immunity. In our study, the phenoloxidase enzyme activity of hemolymph collected from G. mellonella larvae treated with different doses of pyrethrum extract was determined by reading against a certain absorbance in an ELISA microplate reader. The findings obtained from this study showed that 0.6 mg/ml pyrethrum extract increased phenoloxidase enzyme activity. Doses above and below this dose did not cause a significant change in phenoloxidase activity compared to control groups. In the evaluation made in terms of the change of enzyme activity over time, while the enzyme activity increased rapidly in the first 15 minutes, the enzyme activity rate decreased after the 20th minute. The effect of pyrethrum extract on phenoloxidase enzyme activity in G. mellonella larval hemolymph at a certain dose is consistent with the literature. The reason for this effect of the extract is closely related to its genotoxic and cytotoxic effects.

INFLUÊNCIA DO SUBSTRATO E DA LUMINOSIDADE NA INFECÇÃO DE NEMATOIDES ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS EM Galleria mellonella (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Andressa Lima de Brida ◽  
Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken ◽  
Luis Garrigós Leite
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são alternativas eficientes para o controle de pragas. O emprego de novas técnicas da produção in vivo, permite o progresso da tecnologia de formulação de bioinseticidas. O objetivo do trabalho, foi avaliar a influência da luminosidade e do substrato na capacidade de infecção de juvenis infectantes (JIs) de Steinernema brazilense IBCBn 06, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCBn 02, Steinernema feltiae IBCBn 47 e Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCBn 24 em lagartas de Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. As parcelas, constituídas por placa de Petri com, substrato-areia e substrato-papel filtro, com e sem luminosidade, inoculados com suspensão de 1,5 mL contendo 400JIs e quatro lagartas de G. mellonella. O número de JIs foi quantificado após a mortalidade das lagartas. A taxa de infecção de JIs de S. carpocapsae IBCBn 02 e S. feltiae IBCBn 47 variaram de 2,14 a 3,28 e de 11,04 a 13,09 JIs/lagarta. O substrato-areia com e sem luminosidade permitiu a maior taxa de infeção dos JIs de S. brazilense IBCBn 06 de 7,86 e 9,44 JIs/lagarta, e 13,49 JIs/lagarta com luminosidade para H. amazonensis IBCBn 24. O substrato-areia, permite a maior taxa de infecção por JIs de NEPs.

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