scholarly journals Cis and trans interactions between the iab regulatory regions and abdominal-A and abdominal-B in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 835-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Hendrickson ◽  
S Sakonju
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Regulatory Regions ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Regulation ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Target Promoter

Abstract The infra-abdominal (iab) elements in the bithorax complex of Drosophila melanogaster regulate the transcription of the homeotic genes abdominal-A (abd-A) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) in cis. Here we describe two unusual aspects of regulation by the iab elements, revealed by an analysis of an unexpected complementation between mutations in the Abd-B transcription unit and these regulatory regions. First, we find that iab-6 and iab-7 can regulate Abd-B in trans. This iab trans regulation is insensitive to chromosomal rearrangements that disrupt transvection effects at the nearby Ubx locus. In addition, we show that a transposed Abd-B transcription unit and promoter on the Y chromosome can be activated by iab elements located on the third chromosome. These results suggest that the iab regions can regulate their target promoter located at a distant site in the genome in a manner that is much less dependent on homologue pairing than other transvection effects. The iab regulatory regions may have a very strong affinity for the target promoter, allowing them to interact with each other despite the inhibitory effects of chromosomal rearrangements. Second, by generating abd-A mutations on rearrangement chromosomes that break in the iab-7 region, we show that these breaks induce the iab elements to switch their target promoter from Abd-B to abd-A. These two unusual aspects of iab regulation are related by the iab-7 breakpoint chromosomes that prevent iab elements from acting on Abd-B and allow them to act on abd-A. We propose that the iab-7 breaks prevent both iab trans regulation and target specificity by disrupting a mechanism that targets the iab regions to the Abd-B promoter.

scholarly journals Regulation of NADP-Malic Enzyme in the Eye-Antennal Disc of D. melanogaster/D. simulans Hybrids: Evidence for cis- and trans-Regulation

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
David T Kuhn ◽  
Th E Sprey
Keyword(s):  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Eye Disc ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Regulation ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Pattern Regulation

ABSTRACT Pattern regulation of malic enzyme (ME) distribution in D. melanogaster/D. simulans (mel/sim) hybrid eye-antennal discs was investigated. Both cis- and trans-regulation of the spatial distribution pattern was observed within the eye portion of the disc complex. D. simulans possesses gene(s) that operate in trans in the hybrids to suppress ME staining along the morphogenetic furrow, a region that always stains in D. melanogaster. ME structural genes of both species were expressed in cis within the ommatidial preclusters and clusters of the hybrids. Malic enzyme was not expressed elsewhere in the eye disc of either species. Restoration of the D. melanogaster furrow pattern element occurred in partial hybrids that were homozygous for the D. melanogaster 3R where the structural gene resides. Therefore, a dominant gene(s) in the D. simulans 3R suppresses the D. melanogaster furrow pattern, while a recessive gene(s) in the D. melanogaster 3R restores the pattern when the trans-suppressor is removed. These conclusions agree with those found for regulation of aldehyde oxidase distribution in D. melanogaster/D. simulans hybrid wing discs.

scholarly journals A novel transvection phenomenon affecting the white gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
D Gubb ◽  
M Ashburner ◽  
J Roote ◽  
T Davis
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Homologous Chromosome ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Hairpin Loop ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Inverted Order ◽  
In Trans ◽  
In Cis

Abstract The zeste mutation of Drosophila melanogaster suppresses the expression of white genes in the eye. This suppression is normally dependent on there being two copies of w+ located close to each other in the genome--they may either be in cis (as in a tandem duplication of w+) or in trans, i.e. on homologous chromosomes. Duplicated w+ genes carried by a giant transposing element, TE146(Z), are suppressed by z whether they are in direct (tandem) or inverted order. The tandem form of the TE is very sensitive to a rearrangement on the homologous chromosome--many rearrangements with breakpoints "opposite" the TE's insertion site prevent the interaction between the white genes on a z background. These aberrations act as dominant suppressors of zeste that are specific to the tandemly duplicated form of TE146(Z). The inverted form of the TE146(Z) presumably pairs as a hairpin loop; this is more stable than the tandem form by the criterion that its zeste phenotype is unaffected by any of the aberrations. This effect of rearrangements has been used as the basis for a screen, gamma-ray induced aberrations with at least one breakpoint opposite the TE site were recovered by their suppression of the zeste phenotype.

The Effect of Heterologous Insertions on Gene Conversion in Mitotically Dividing Cells in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Angela M Coveny ◽  
Tammy Dray ◽  
Gregory B Gloor
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Conversion ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Double Strand Break ◽  
P Element ◽  
Double Strand Break Repair ◽  
Break Site ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Break Repair ◽  
In Cis

Abstract We examined the influence that heterologous sequences of different sizes have on the frequency of double-strand-break repair by gene conversion in Drosophila melanogaster. We induced a double-strand break on one X chromosome in female flies by P-element excision. These flies contained heterologous insertions of various sizes located 238 bp from the break site in cis or in trans to the break, or both. We observed a significant decrease in double-strand-break repair with large heterologous insertions located either in cis or in trans to the break. Reestablishing the homology by including the same heterologous sequence in cis and in trans to the double-strand break restored the frequency of gene conversion to wild-type levels. In one instance, an allelic nonhomologous insertion completely abolished repair by homologous recombination. The results show that the repair of a double-strand break by gene conversion requires chromosome pairing in the local region of the double-strand break.

A silencer element from the alpha-globin gene inhibits expression of beta-like genes

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 5047-5051
Author(s):  
G F Atweh ◽  
J M Liu ◽  
H E Brickner ◽  
X X Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Globin Gene ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Globin Genes ◽  
Beta Globin ◽  
Base Pair Fragment ◽  
Alpha Globin ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Silencer Element

We have studied the cis and trans interactions of the alpha- and beta-globin genes in a transient expression system. We found that the alpha-globin gene inhibited beta-globin expression in cis but not in trans. The silencer element responsible for this inhibition was localized to a 259-base-pair fragment at the 5' end of the alpha-globin gene.

scholarly journals The Yeast Casein Kinase Yck3p Is Palmitoylated, then Sorted to the Vacuolar Membrane with AP-3-dependent Recognition of a YXXϕ Adaptin Sorting Signal

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1397-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beimeng Sun ◽  
Linyi Chen ◽  
Wei Cao ◽  
Amy F. Roth ◽  
Nicholas G. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Sorting Signal ◽  
Casein Kinases ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Vacuolar Sorting ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis

Our previous work found the two yeast plasma membrane-localized casein kinases Yck1p and Yck2p to be palmitoylated on C-terminal Cys-Cys sequences by the palmitoyl transferase Akr1p. The present work examines a third casein kinase, Yck3p, which ends with the C-terminal sequence Cys-Cys-Cys-Cys-Phe-Cys-Cys-Cys. Yck3p is palmitoylated and localized to the vacuolar membrane. While the C-terminal cysteines are required for this palmitoylation, Akr1p is not. Palmitoylation requires the C-terminal Yck3p residues 463-524, whereas information for vacuolar sorting maps to the 409-462 interval. Vacuolar sorting is disrupted in cis through deletion of the 409-462 sequences and in trans through mutation of the AP-3 adaptin complex; both cis- and trans-mutations result in Yck3p missorting to the plasma membrane. This missorted Yck3p restores 37°C viability to yck1Δ yck2-ts cells. yck1Δ yck2-ts suppressor mutations isolated within the YCK3 gene identify the Yck3p vacuolar sorting signal—the tetrapeptide YDSI, a perfect fit to the YXXϕ adaptin-binding consensus. Although YXXϕ signals have a well-appreciated role in the adaptin-mediated sorting of mammalian cells, this is the first signal of this class to be identified in yeast.

scholarly journals Cis and trans RET signaling control the survival and central projection growth of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S Fleming ◽  
Anna Vysochan ◽  
Sόnia Paixão ◽  
Jingwen Niu ◽  
Rüdiger Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Central Projection ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis

RET can be activated in cis or trans by its co-receptors and ligands in vitro, but the physiological roles of trans signaling are unclear. Rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) express Ret and the co-receptor Gfrα2 and depend on Ret for survival and central projection growth. Here, we show that Ret and Gfrα2 null mice display comparable early central projection deficits, but Gfrα2 null RA mechanoreceptors recover later. Loss of Gfrα1, the co-receptor implicated in activating RET in trans, causes no significant central projection or cell survival deficit, but Gfrα1;Gfrα2 double nulls phenocopy Ret nulls. Finally, we demonstrate that GFRα1 produced by neighboring DRG neurons activates RET in RA mechanoreceptors. Taken together, our results suggest that trans and cis RET signaling could function in the same developmental process and that the availability of both forms of activation likely enhances but not diversifies outcomes of RET signaling.

scholarly journals A silencer element from the alpha-globin gene inhibits expression of beta-like genes.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 5047-5051 ◽  
Author(s):  
G F Atweh ◽  
J M Liu ◽  
H E Brickner ◽  
X X Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Globin Gene ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Globin Genes ◽  
Beta Globin ◽  
Base Pair Fragment ◽  
Alpha Globin ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Silencer Element

We have studied the cis and trans interactions of the alpha- and beta-globin genes in a transient expression system. We found that the alpha-globin gene inhibited beta-globin expression in cis but not in trans. The silencer element responsible for this inhibition was localized to a 259-base-pair fragment at the 5' end of the alpha-globin gene.

scholarly journals Transvection in the Drosophila Abd-B Domain: Extensive Upstream Sequences Are Involved in Anchoring Distant cis-Regulatory Regions to the Promoter

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 1031-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Sipos ◽  
József Mihály ◽  
François Karch ◽  
Paul Schedl ◽  
János Gausz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Regulatory Regions ◽  
B Locus ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Trans Regulation

Abstract The Abd-B gene, one of the three homeotic genes in the Drosophila bithorax complex (BX-C), is required for the proper identity of the fifth through the eighth abdominal segments (corresponding to parasegments 10–14) of the fruitfly. The morphological difference between these four segments is due to the differential expression of Abd-B, which is achieved by the action of the parasegment-specific cisregulatory regions infra-abdominal-5 (iab-5), -6, -7 and -8. The dominant gain-of-function mutation Frontabdominal-7 (Fab-7) removes a boundary separating two of these cis-regulatory regions, iab-6 and iab-7. As a consequence of the Fab-7 deletion, the parasegment 12- (PS12-) specific iab-7 is ectopically activated in PS11. This results in the transformation of the sixth abdominal segment (A6) into the seventh (A7) in Fab-7 flies. Here we report that point mutations of the Abd-B gene in trans suppress the Fab-7 phenotype in a pairing-dependent manner and thus represent a type of transvection. We show that the observed suppression is the result of trans-regulation of the defective Abd-B gene by the ectopically activated iab-7. Unlike previously demonstrated cases of trans-regulation in the Abd-B locus, trans-suppression of Fab-7 is sensitive to heterozygosity for chromosomal rearrangements that disturb homologous pairing at the nearby Ubx locus. However, in contrast to Ubx, the transvection we observed in the Abd-B locus is insensitive to the allelic status of zeste. Analysis of different deletion alleles of Abd-B that enhance trans-regulation suggests that an extensive upstream region, different from the sequences required for transcription initiation, mediates interactions between the iab cis-regulatory regions and the proximal Abd-B promoter. Moreover, we find that the amount of DNA deleted in the upstream region is roughly proportional to the strength of trans-interaction, suggesting that this region consists of numerous discrete elements that cooperate in tethering the iab regulatory domains to Abd-B. Possible implications of the tethering complex for the regulation of Abd-B are discussed. In addition, we present evidence that the tenacity of trans-interactions in the Abd-B gene may vary, depending upon the tissue and stage of development.

scholarly journals Polarized secretion of lysosomal enzymes: co-distribution of cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptors and lysosomal enzymes along the osteoclast exocytic pathway.

1988 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 1863-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Baron ◽  
L Neff ◽  
W Brown ◽  
P J Courtoy ◽  
D Louvard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Polarized Secretion ◽  
Transport Vesicles ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Ruffled Border ◽  
Mannose 6 Phosphate ◽  
Exocytic Pathway ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
In Cis

The osteoclast is a polarized cell which secretes large amounts of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes into an apical extracellular lacuna where bone resorption takes place. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we have localized the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate (Man6P) receptor and lysosomal enzymes in this cell type in order to determine the expression and distribution of this receptor and its ligands. The results demonstrate that the osteoclast expresses large amounts of immunoreactive cation-independent Man6P receptors, despite the fact that most of the lysosomal enzymes it synthesizes are secreted. The lysosomal enzymes and the receptors are co-distributed along the exocytic pathway, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, including the perinuclear envelope, the Golgi stacks as well as numerous small transport vesicles that appear to fuse with the ruffled border membrane. Within the Golgi complex, the receptors and lysosomal enzymes were found distributed in two predominant patterns; (a) in all the cisternae, from cis to trans, or (b) predominantly in cis- and trans-Golgi cisternae, with the middle Golgi cisternae being unstained or depleted in antigen. This pattern suggests that enzymes and receptors traverse the Golgi from cis to trans and preferentially accumulate in cis- and in trans-cisternae. This study therefore suggests that, in the osteoclast, Man6P receptors are involved in the vectorial transport and targeting of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes, presumably via a constitutive pathway, to the apical membrane where they are secreted into the bone-resorbing compartment. This mechanism could insure polarized secretion of lysosomal enzymes into the bone-resorbing lacuna.

Trans-regulation of homeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster

1989 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Renato Paro ◽  
Axel Franke ◽  
Sabine Messmer ◽  
Barbara Zink
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Trans Regulation
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