scholarly journals Coordination Between Fission Yeast Glucan Formation and Growth Requires a Sphingolipase Activity

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Feoktistova ◽  
Paula Magnelli ◽  
Claudia Abeijon ◽  
Pilar Perez ◽  
Robert L Lester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Large Deposits

Abstractcss1 mutants display a novel defect in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell wall formation. The mutant cells are temperature-sensitive and accumulate large deposits of material that stain with calcofluor and aniline blue in their periplasmic space. Biochemical analyses of this material indicate that it consists of α- and β-glucans in the same ratio as found in cell walls of wild-type S. pombe. Strikingly, the glucan deposits in css1 mutant cells do not affect their overall morphology. The cells remain rod shaped, and the thickness of their walls is unaltered. Css1p is an essential protein related to mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase and is responsible for the inositolphosphosphingolipid-phospholipase C activity observed in S. pombe membranes. Furthermore, expression of css1+ can compensate for loss of ISC1, the enzyme responsible for this activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae membranes. Css1p localizes to the entire plasma membrane and secretory pathway; a C-terminal fragment of Css1p, predicted to encode a single membrane-spanning segment, is sufficient to direct membrane localization of the heterologous protein, GFP. Our results predict the existence of an enzyme(s) or process(es) essential for the coordination of S. pombe cell wall formation and division that is, in turn, regulated by a sphingolipid metabolite.

scholarly journals Genetical and structural analyses of cell-wall formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Roy Davies ◽  
A. Plaskitt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nuclear Level ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Cell Wall Biogenesis ◽  
Mutant Strains

SUMMARYFifteen mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi were isolated which showed defects in some aspect of the process of cell-wall formation. Genetic analyses indicated that most of the mutations were due to single gene changes; two were anomalous in that non-Mendelian segregations were obtained on crossing with other genotypes, and on selfing they frequently gave rise to wild-type phenotypes.Occasional somatic revertants were also obtained from these two strains. On the basis of these analyses it is suggested that there are two levels of control operating in the process of cell wall biogenesis - one concerned with subunit production at the nuclear level and another, possibly concerned with three-dimensional organization, at another level. Electron-microscope analyses of the different mutants showed the mutants to be divided into three main categories: those in which the wall was formed but was not attached to the plasma membrane, those in which the wall was attached to the membrane, and those in which very little wall was formed. In the last class in particular, vesicles containing wall precursors were clearly visible, and were shed through the plasma membrane into the medium.

Fission yeast protein kinase C gene homologues are required for protoplast regeneration: a functional link between cell wall formation and cell shape control

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kobori ◽  
T. Toda ◽  
H. Yaguchi ◽  
M. Toya ◽  
M. Yanagida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Protoplast Regeneration ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Actin Organization ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Kinase C

Two novel protein kinase C (n PKC) gene homologues, pck1+ and pck2+ were isolated from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Toda et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 1987). We examined the functional differences of pck1+ and pck2+ in cell wall formation and actin organization of S. pombe. Regenerating protoplasts of a wild-type strain, single gene disruptants of pck1+ (delta pck1) and pck2+ (delta pck2) were used as a simple model to examine the functional links between PKC, cell wall formation and actin organization. Protoplasts of the wild-type strain and those of delta pck1 reverted to intact cells in osmotically stabilized liquid medium. A close spatial association between new cell wall formation and actin was observed in these two strains. In delta pck2, protoplasts did not revert to intact cells: (1) scarcely any new cell wall material was formed; (2) actin was not reorganized; and (3) nuclear division and an increase in the amount of cytoplasm were observed in the regenerating protoplasts. These findings demonstrate that the pck2+ gene has a function essential for protoplast regeneration but the pck1+ gene does not. Involvement of n PKCs in cell wall formation and actin organization was also clarified. The effect of staurosporine (a potent inhibitor of protein kinases) on regenerating protoplasts of the three strains confirmed the assumption that the pck2 protein is an in vivo target of staurosporine in the fission yeast.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

Ethylene effects on cambial activity and cell wall formation in hypocotyls of Picea abies seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbro S. M. Ingemarsson ◽  
Leif Eklund ◽  
Lennart Eliasson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 is Required for Cell Wall Formation and Establishment and Maintenance of Quiescent Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397
Author(s):  
Liu Lin ◽  
Quan Xianqing ◽  
Zhao Xiaomei ◽  
Huang Lihua ◽  
Feng Shangcai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Callose Synthase ◽  
Wall Formation

scholarly journals MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3560
Author(s):  
Ruixue Xiao ◽  
Chong Zhang ◽  
Xiaorui Guo ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Hai Lu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Myb Transcription Factors ◽  
Wall Formation

The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.

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