scholarly journals Using fNIRS to Capture Cerebral Oxygenation in Older Adults Navigating Stairs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 792-792
Author(s):  
Sarah Fraser ◽  
Talia Salzman ◽  
Hyejun Kim ◽  
Hawazin Badawi ◽  
Diana Tobon Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cerebral Oxygenation ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Risk Of Falls

Abstract Navigating stairs is a complex motor activity and while it provides health benefits it can also increase the risk of falls in older adults (OA). The prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributions to stairclimbing (with or without a cognitive task) remain unknown. Using functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) and wireless insoles, this study evaluated cerebral oxygenation changes (∆HbO2) in the PFC, gait parameters (speed) and cognitive performance (reaction time(RT)/accuracy) during stair ascent and descent in single (SMup/SMdown) and dual task (DTup/DTdown) conditions. OAs navigated stairs with or without a simple reaction time task. Participants had longer RTs in DTup (p < .001) and DTdown (p <.001) in comparison to standing, with no significant differences in accuracy or walk speed. ∆HbO2 was significantly different (p = .003) between SMdown and DTdown. Findings suggest that despite the simplicity of the cognitive task, dual-tasking on stairs resulted in increased cerebral oxygenation and slowed cognitive responses.

Age and sex differences in intra-individual variability in a simple reaction time task

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Ghisletta ◽  
Olivier Renaud ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
Thierry Lecerf ◽  
Anik de Ribaupierre
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task

While age effects in reaction time (RT) tasks across the lifespan are well established for level of performance, analogous findings have started appearing also for indicators of intra-individual variability (IIV). Children are not only slower, but also display more variability than younger adults in RT. Yet, little is known about potential moderating sex effects on RT-IIV. We analyzed responses in a simple RT task with 120 trials in children, younger, and older adults. To best capture sex differences we used generalized additive models (GAMs), a semi-parametric regression approach, to fit splines relating nonlinearly age to RT, and capable of testing sex differences therein. This method is more adequate to test sex differences in nonlinear age relations than polynomial regression. Results show that (a) males are faster than females (except in the older adults), and (b) in younger and older adults, males are less variable than females. No sex difference in IIV emerged in children. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that sex differences in RT variability may be attributable to brain effects of sex hormones, in particular estrogen, whose receptors are present in several brain regions involved in information processing and attention, which are systems involved in the regulation of variability in information processing. Thus, according to this hypothesis, sex differences in RT-IIV should be present after puberty, but not in pre-pubertal children.

scholarly journals Manipulations of the Response-Stimulus Intervals as a Factor Inducing Controlled Amount of Reaction Time Intra-Individual Variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Paweł Krukow ◽  
Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik ◽  
Arkadiusz Podkowiński
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Response Stimulus

Aggrandized fluctuations in the series of reaction times (RTs) are a very sensitive marker of neurocognitive disorders present in neuropsychiatric populations, pathological ageing and in patients with acquired brain injury. Even though it was documented that processing inconsistency founds a background of higher-order cognitive functions disturbances, there is a vast heterogeneity regarding types of task used to compute RT-related variability, which impedes determining the relationship between elementary and more complex cognitive processes. Considering the above, our goal was to develop a relatively new assessment method based on a simple reaction time paradigm, conducive to eliciting a controlled range of intra-individual variability. It was hypothesized that performance variability might be induced by manipulation of response-stimulus interval’s length and regularity. In order to verify this hypothesis, a group of 107 healthy students was tested using a series of digitalized tasks and their results were analyzed using parametric and ex-Gaussian statistics of RTs distributional markers. In general, these analyses proved that intra-individual variability might be evoked by a given type of response-stimulus interval manipulation even when it is applied to the simple reaction time task. Collected outcomes were discussed with reference to neuroscientific concepts of attentional resources and functional neural networks.

Analysis of Task Difficulty under Varying Conditions of Induced Stress

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Thornton ◽  
Paul D. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Task Relatedness ◽  
Related Stress

Two tasks (simple and choice reaction time) were examined while varying three types of stressors (shock, threat of shock, and noise) and the stressor task relationship (i.e., task-related stress, task-unrelated stress, and no-stress). Four specific hypotheses were tested and 3 were supported in the simple reaction-time task. There were no significant differences among stressors for either task, although greater differences were reported in the simple than in the choice reaction-time task. A significant difference between the “task-relatedness” of stress levels in the simple task was interpreted as possibly due to a “coping” or “protective adaptive mechanism” in which increases in performance serve to reduce stress. Practical applications were examined.

Reaction time and spinal excitability in a simple reaction time task

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia T. Michie ◽  
Alex M. Clarke ◽  
John D. Sinden ◽  
Leonard C.T. Glue
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Spinal Excitability

Acceptable Levels of Tonal and Broad-Band Repetitive and Continuous Sounds during the Performance of Nonauditory Tasks

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Landström ◽  
Anders Kjellberg ◽  
Marianne Byström
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reaction Time Test

Three groups of 24 subjects were exposed to a 1000–Hz tone or broad band noise in a sound chamber. During the exposures subjects were engaged in an easy reaction time test or a difficult grammatical reasoning test. For each exposure and work subjects adjusted the noise to a tolerance level defined by its interference with task performance. During the simple reaction-time task significantly higher sound-pressure levels were accepted than during the reasoning test. At the tonal exposure, much lower levels were accepted than during the exposure to broad-band noise. For continuous sound exposures much higher levels were accepted than for noncontinuous exposures. For tonal exposures the difference was approximately 5 dB, for the broad-band exposures approximately 9 dB. In a separate study the effects of the noncontinuity of the noise and pauses were analysed. The raised annoying effect of the noncontinuous noise was not more affected by the noncontinuity of the noise periods than by the noncontinuity of the pauses. The results imply that the annoying reactions to the sound will be increased for repetitive noise and that the reaction is highly influenced by the over-all noncontinuity of the exposure.

Evidence for interhemispheric motor-level transfer in a simple reaction time task: an EEG study

1999 ◽  
Vol 128 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Thut ◽  
Claude-Alain Hauert ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
Margitta Seeck ◽  
Theodor Landis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Time Task

Discrete Finger Response Latencies in a Simple Reaction Time Task

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos J. Adam ◽  
Loe M. A. Van Veggel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Single Response

The present study evaluated the potential for neuroanatomical factors to operate in a simple reaction time task. That is, response latencies were recorded for all ten fingers on a Donders' A reaction time task. Two finger-placement conditions were used, a single response key condition and a multiple response key condition. This latter condition required subjects to place all ten fingers on response keys. 30 male, right-handed subjects participated. No significant effects were found, indicating that there are no intrinsically slow or fast fingers. This finding is discussed in the context of reaction time differences between individual stimulus-response (finger) pairs in choice-reaction time tasks.

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