13. Referencing and avoiding plagiarism

Legal Skills ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 271-297
Author(s):  
Emily Finch ◽  
Stefan Fafinski
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Do So

This chapter focuses on referencing and avoiding plagiarism. These skills are of critical importance to law students since their academic work will inevitably require them to read, critically consider, and evaluate the work of others. However, they must ensure that they carefully and meticulously distinguish their own work, ideas, and arguments from those of the authors or judges encountered during their research. This is done by providing thorough references to the sources used in their work; failure to do so may lead to accusations of plagiarism. The chapter first explains the meaning of plagiarism in more detail and then discusses OSCOLA, the most frequently encountered referencing system in academic law.

13. Referencing and avoiding plagiarism

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-314
Author(s):  
Emily Finch ◽  
Stefan Fafinski
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Do So

This chapter focuses on referencing and avoiding plagiarism. These skills are of critical importance to law students since their academic work will inevitably require them to read, critically consider, and evaluate the work of others. However, they must ensure that they carefully and meticulously distinguish their own work, ideas, and arguments from those of the authors or judges encountered during their research. This is done by providing thorough references to the sources used in their work; failure to do so may lead to accusations of plagiarism. The chapter first explains the meaning of plagiarism in more detail and then discusses OSCOLA, the most frequently encountered referencing system in academic law.

12. Referencing and avoiding plagiarism

Legal Skills ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Finch ◽  
Stefan Fafinski
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Do So

This chapter focuses on referencing and avoiding plagiarism. These skills are of critical importance to law students since their academic work will inevitably require them to read, critically consider, and evaluate the work of others. However, they must ensure that they carefully and meticulously distinguish their own work, ideas, and arguments from those of the authors or judges encountered during their research. This is done by providing thorough references to the sources used in their work; failure to do so may lead to accusations of plagiarism. The chapter first explains the meaning of plagiarism in more detail and then discusses OSCOLA, the most frequently-encountered referencing system in academic law.

A Legal Tourist Visits Eighteenth-Century Britain: Henry Marchant's Observations on British Courts, 1771 to 1772

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Hadden ◽  
Patricia Hagler Minter
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Law Students ◽  
John Adams ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Inns Of Court ◽  
Trial Lawyer ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So ◽  
Legal Training

At the Rhode Island Historical Society there is a copy of an amazing journal, kept by Henry Marchant (1741–1796) during his eleven-month sojourn in England and Scotland as a colonial agent for Rhode Island. He was a practicing lawyer who had the first-hand opportunity to observe law as it operated on both sides of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century. He was not the only lawyer to do so, but his background as a trial lawyer made his perceptions differ substantially from those of the many colonial law students who received their legal educations in England. Dozens of young colonists ventured from home to London for the legal training and social polish twelve terms at the Inns of Court could provide; their legal notebooks record activities at the Westminster courts as students saw them, learning the law one case at a time, before they returned to the colonies and went into practice. A few more experienced lawyers, such as John Adams, likewise had the opportunity to visit Westminster Hall, but they typically went once or twice, and did not return.

scholarly journals Precarity is a Feminist Issue: Gender and Contingent Labor in the Academy

Hypatia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Issue ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Contingent Faculty ◽  
Contingent Labor ◽  
Permanent Employment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tier System ◽  
Do So

Feminist philosophers have challenged a wide range of gender injustices in professional philosophy. However, the problem of precarity, that is, the increasing numbers of contingent faculty who cannot find permanent employment, has received scarcely any attention. What explains this oversight? In this article, I argue, first, that academics are held in the grips of an ideology that diverts attention away from the structural conditions of precarity, and second, that the gendered dimensions of such an ideology have been overlooked. To do so, I identify two myths: the myth of meritocracy and the myth of work as its own reward. I demonstrate that these myths—and the two‐tier system itself—manifest an unmistakably gendered logic, such that gender and precarity are mutually reinforcing and co‐constitutive. I conclude that feminist philosophers have particular reason to organize against the casualization of academic work.

scholarly journals From zero to 60: Building belief, capacity and community in Street Law instructors in one weekend

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seán Arthurs ◽  
Melinda Cooperman ◽  
Jessica Gallagher ◽  
Freda Grealy ◽  
John Lunney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Orientation Program ◽  
Learner Centered ◽  
The Law ◽  
Do So

Street Law, where law students or lawyers teach about the law in local school, correctional, and community settings, is the fastest growing and most popular type of experiential legal education in the world—and with good reason. The Street Law methodology helps make the law more relevant, more accessible, and more understandable to both participants in the program and lawyers and law students delivering the programming. Despite Street Law’s prevalence and popularity, there is scant guidance for how to best introduce and implement a program, little research support explaining why Street Law works, and even less empirical justification proving that the program works. This paper makes three significant and unique contributions to the emerging field of Street Law scholarship and research. First, we provide an in-depth explanation of the principles and learner-centered practices that make Street Law such a powerful tool for legal education. Second, we ground these principles and practices in a robust body of research, the first such effort in the field. Third, we offer an annotated step-by-step outline of a unique weekend orientation program developed and field-tested by the seminal Georgetown Street Law program and delivered in partnership with the Law Societies of Ireland and Scotland. It is our hope that this paper will offer practitioners both a series of best practices to draw upon and a reason to do so. A second paper, that will shortly follow this one, will share and discuss quantitative and qualitative data evidencing the powerful outcomes that this weekend orientation can effect in participants.

Health, Discipline and Appropriate Behaviour: the Body of the Soldier and Space of the Cantonment

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICA WALD
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
Health Discipline ◽  
Do So ◽  
Levels Of Control

AbstractAnxiety about the intemperance and misbehaviour of the European soldiery in nineteenth century India prompted a raft of regulations which not only imposed a punitive regime on those living and working in and around the cantonments, but prompted an extension of military space. This paper specifically examines the methods and levels of control—both of which existed and were attempted in and around the cantonment. These ranged from regulations enacted to order the physical space of the cantonment, to calls for a more direct control over the bodies of the soldiers themselves as well as the numerous others who occupied the land. Crucially for this argument, moral and medical concerns were of critical importance in moulding this ordering. However, as this paper argues, social and class perceptions of the men—and the fear of provoking their wrath—dictated what officers and officials felt was legally possible. The various ways in which the military and government imposed order on the cantonment (or attempted to do so) had serious implications for the shaping of the empire itself and European understanding of its inhabitants.

World Trends in Political Science Research

1954 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Systematic Information ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Do So

The purpose of this report is to examine, on an international scale, the current trends in political science research.The initial intention was to base the survey on the available information about researches being carried on by institutions, but it soon became apparent that such a survey could not give an adequate picture of current work or trends. In the first place, systematic information about research by institutions was, at the time of writing, available on a comparable basis only for a few countries and areas. In the second place, even if information on research by institutions were available for all countries, an analysis of it would give a very one-sided picture of the main trends in political science research. For it would leave out of account all the work being done by individual scholars, and even groups of scholars, in the ordinary course of their academic work. To single out the work being done by research institutes (whether they are attached to universities or established independently) and to call this “research,” would be putting a narrrow interpretation on the word. It is, of course, tempting to do so. It is possible to canvass institutions and compile a comparative register of their researches; it is much more difficult, if not impossible, to compile a register that would list all the significant thinking being done in political science, including the theoretical work being done by individual academic political scientists in all the universities.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Debates in Dysphagia Management: How Do You Use Evidence-Based Practice in Your Dysphagia Patient Care?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Jeri A. Logemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based practice requires astute clinicians to blend our best clinical judgment with the best available external evidence and the patient's own values and expectations. Sometimes, we value one more than another during clinical decision-making, though it is never wise to do so, and sometimes other factors that we are unaware of produce unanticipated clinical outcomes. Sometimes, we feel very strongly about one clinical method or another, and hopefully that belief is founded in evidence. Some beliefs, however, are not founded in evidence. The sound use of evidence is the best way to navigate the debates within our field of practice.

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