14. Theory and Practice of Continental Warfare

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
European Theatre ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
Tight Integration

This chapter examines the theory and practice of continental warfare, with particular emphasis on the relationship between ideas on conventional land warfare and actual experience since 1900. It considers technological change, including mechanization, as the central challenge facing modern theorists as well as tactical and doctrinal responses that emerged very quickly in reaction to modern weapons' radical lethality. These responses emphasized cover, concealment, tight integration of suppressive fire and movement, depth, and reliance on withheld reserves at the cost of lighter forward deployments. These concepts subsequently formed the foundation for most modern systems of tactics and doctrine. The chapter explores the relationship between theory and practice in continental warfare by focusing on four case studies: the European theatre in the First and Second World Wars, the Arab–Israeli War of 1973, and the Gulf War of 1991.

The Compound Marine Steam Engine: A Study in the Relationship Between Technological Change and Economic Development

1967 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Knauerhase
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Adoption And Diffusion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Sailing Ship

One of the most important problems in the study of economic development is the role of technological change in the growth process. My dissertation is an analysis of some of the major variables which influenced the timing of the invention, adoption, and diffusion of the compound marine steam engine. The problem was divided into three parts: (1) all those variables pertaining directly to the invention of the engine, and the very first effects on the cost structure of the steamship industry; (2) the role of the compound marine steam engine in the growth of the German merchant fleet, 1872–1887, with special emphasis on the diffusion of the invention and its productivity effects; and (3) the effect of the compound steam engine on the sailing ship component of the German merchant fleet.

scholarly journals Institutional investors and cost of capital: The moderating effect of ownership structure

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249963
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Huo ◽  
Hongying Lin ◽  
Yanan Meng ◽  
Peter Woods
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Institutional Investors ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Guiding institutional investors to actively participate in corporate governance is a hot issue to improve the internal governance of China’s listed companies. This study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism that underlies the governance effects of the heterogeneity of institutional investors on the cost of capital, and the influence of ownership structure on the relationship between them. Using an unbalanced panel data on A-share listed companies of Shanghai and Shenzhen in China’s capital market during the 2014–2019 period, this study reveals how institutional investors with longer holding period and higher shareholding ratio are negatively associated with the cost of capital in China’s capital market. Furthermore, this study successfully confirms the moderating effect of ownership structure in the relationship between institutional investors and the cost of capital. China’s state-owned enterprises are more likely to introduce improvements at the corporate governance level, and ownership concentration weakens the negative influence of institutional investors on the cost of capital. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the impacts of institutional investor’s heterogeneity and ownership structure on the cost of capital in China. In the process, the study yields useful implications for the theory and practice of corporate governance.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Keith Grint
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter opens the debate about mutiny by considering the relationship between mutiny and leadership. Before considering the omnipresence of civil dissent, and the nature of power in military organizations, it explores leadership as a relational activity, rather than an individual competence, and suggests that, although the cases discussed are primarily historical, mutiny remains a permanent possibility. The rest of the chapter outlines the structure of the book, starting with a theoretical review of mutiny, followed by the various case studies: mutinies in revolutionary times; mutinies in the First and Second World Wars; mutinies after the First and Second World Wars; mutinies in Civil Wars; mutinies and ethnicity; dystopian and utopian mutinies; and mutinies against austerity. The final chapter reflects on the nature of the moral economy that underpins organizations and finishes by considering the role of individuals in mutinies.

2. Federalism

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Burgess
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Intergovernmentalism ◽  
Comparative Federalism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines the relationship between federalism and European integration, with the goal of demonstrating the relevance of the federal idea to the building of Europe. It first clarifies some fundamental concepts such as federalism, federation, confederation, the modern state, and European integration. It then considers federalist theory and practice, along with three strands of federalism that emerged after the Second World War: Jean Monnet’s ‘federalism by instalments’, Altiero Spinelli’s ‘democratic radicalism’, and ‘integral’, ‘personalist’, or Proudhonian federalism. The chapter proceeds by exploring comparative federalism and the insights it provides on the future shape of the European Union, the implications of liberal intergovernmentalism for federalism, and the ramifications of the evolution of the EU Constitution for federalism. Finally, it assesses the questions that the challenge of EU enlargement poses for federalism and the federalists.

scholarly journals Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Tauseef Ahmad Parray
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religion And Democracy

Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy analyzes the theoretical relationshipbetween religion and democracy, specifically Islam’s relationshipwith liberal democracy. It discusses the relationship between Islam,Muslim-majority societies (viz., Iran, Turkey, and Indonesia), and liberaldemocracy in a way that advances theory and practice regarding their relationsand this relationship is the immediate focus of this study, and the conclusionshave a much broader applicability in illuminating the theoreticalrelationship between religion, secularism, and democracy in general, and incontributing to the development of a liberal-democratic theory for Muslimsocieties in particular. The author’s primary methodological approach is historical and comparative.Drawing on insights and lessons from western political theory andhistory, he examines the relationship between liberal-democratic developmentand religion both theoretically and in the context of the Muslim world.The three countries mentioned above are presented as case studies as ameans to reinforce the theoretical claims. The book consists of four chaptersfollowed by a conclusion, endnotes, a bibliography, and an index ...

scholarly journals Studying Learner Behavior in Online Courses With Free-Certificate Coupons: Results From Two Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Littenberg-Tobias ◽  
José A. Ruipérez-Valiente ◽  
Justin Reich
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Completion Rates ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Influence Behavior

The relationship between pricing and learning behavior is an important topic in research on massive open online courses (MOOCs). We report on two case studies where cohorts of learners were offered coupons for free certificates to explore how price reductions might influence behavior in MOOC-based online learning settings. In Case Study 1, we compare participation and certification rates between courses with and without free-certificate coupons. In the courses with a free-certificate track, participants signed up for the verified-certificate track at higher rates, and completion rates among verified students were higher than in the paid-certificate track courses. In Case Study 2, we compare learner behavior within the same courses by whether they received access to a free-certificate track. Access to free certificates was associated with lower certification rates, but overall, certification rates remained high, particularly among those who viewed the courses. These findings suggest that some incentives, other than simply the cost of paying for a verified-certificate track, may motivate learners to complete MOOCs.

Inbreeding depression and the cost of inbreeding on seed germination

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Baskin ◽  
Carol C. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

AbstractWe review the literature on effects of inbreeding depression (ID) on seed germination for 743 case studies of 233 species in 64 families. For 216 case studies, we also review the relationship between mass and germination in inbred vs. outbred seeds. Inbred seeds germinated equally well as outbred seeds in 51.1% of 743 case studies, but better than outbred seeds in only 8.1%. In c. 50.5% of 216 cases, mass of inbred seeds was equal to (38.0%) or larger than (12.5%) that of outbred seeds. The magnitude of ID spans most of the − 1 to +1 range for relative performance for germination of inbred vs. outbred seeds; in contrast to what might be expected, seed germinability often is not negatively correlated with the coefficient of inbreeding (F) or positively corrected with population genetic diversity; neither heterosis nor outbreeding depression for germination is common in crosses between populations; and ID in most endemics is low and does not differ from that of widespread congeners. Our results on the effects of ID on seed mass and germination do not agree with the limited number of comparisons Darwin (1876) made on the effects of selfing vs. outcrossing on these two life-history traits. Recommendations are made on how to improve dormancy breaking and germination procedures in order to make the results of studies on ID more relevant to the natural world.

scholarly journals Reforestation following harvesting of conifer plantations in Japan: Current issues from silvicultural and ecological perspectives

REFORESTA ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Masaki ◽  
Michio Oguro ◽  
Naoko Yamashita ◽  
Tatsuya Otani ◽  
Hajime Utsugi
Keyword(s):  
Sika Deer ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Cervus Nippon ◽  
Deer Browsing ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Silvicultural System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Following the Second World War, the number of Cupressaceae plantations in Japan increased, in accordance with government policy for the restoration of timber resources and conservation of soil and water. Currently, these even-aged plantations occupy approximately 44% of the forested area and 24% of the national land area of Japan. Although many of these plantations have become available as timber resources, there are several silviculture-related problems associated with reforestation following clear-cutting of these plantations. The abundant annual precipitation in Japan allows for dominance by competitive vegetation, which makes natural regeneration difficult and increases the cost of silvicultural operations during and after the planting of seedlings. Because the number of seedling producers has decreased, there has been little incentive to keep seedling production techniques up to date. Additionally, damage to planted seedlings by the overabundant sika deer (Cervus nippon) population has increased dramatically in the last dozen years or so. To determine how to overcome these difficulties, various studies are underway in Japan. For example, seedling studies have examined the relationship between seedling size and competitive ability with other species in reforested areas, and have led to the development of lower-cost systems to produce customized Cupressaceae seedlings, as well as measures to minimize transplanting damage to seedlings. Previous studies have shown that no-weeding operations might lower the risk of sika deer browsing seedlings, although this silvicultural countermeasure may potentially reduce seedling growth. Studies have also examined the types of physical protection against sika deer browsing that are most efficient. We must combine these findings into a unified silvicultural system for successful restoration via lower-cost plantations.

Tenements to bungalows: class and the growth of home ownership before ‘World War II’

Urban History ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette O'Carroll
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
White Collar ◽  
World War ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTWhich social groups were moving into owner occupation in Britain before the Second World War is a matter of controversy, with opposing claims that this involved mainly white-collar or skilled manual workers. Although reliable figures showing the growth of home ownership in this period are rare, data are available for Edinburgh which indicate that tenure development in the city probably resembled that of England and Wales rather than the rest of Scotland. The relationship between income and the cost of home ownership is examined and this suggests that the main social group to move into owner occupation were probably white-collar workers. However, an analysis of occupational information from housing across a range of values in the city shows that this movement also affected manual workers and that there was a strong association between the proportions in each social class and the average rateable value of areas of housing.

Flesh Searches in China

Asian Survey ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the relationship between netizens and the Chinese Communist Party by investigating examples of “flesh searches” targeting corrupt officials. Case studies link the initiative of netizens and the reaction of the Chinese state to the pattern of management of social space in contemporary China.

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