Reforestation following harvesting of conifer plantations in Japan: Current issues from silvicultural and ecological perspectives

Following the Second World War, the number of Cupressaceae plantations in Japan increased, in accordance with government policy for the restoration of timber resources and conservation of soil and water. Currently, these even-aged plantations occupy approximately 44% of the forested area and 24% of the national land area of Japan. Although many of these plantations have become available as timber resources, there are several silviculture-related problems associated with reforestation following clear-cutting of these plantations. The abundant annual precipitation in Japan allows for dominance by competitive vegetation, which makes natural regeneration difficult and increases the cost of silvicultural operations during and after the planting of seedlings. Because the number of seedling producers has decreased, there has been little incentive to keep seedling production techniques up to date. Additionally, damage to planted seedlings by the overabundant sika deer (Cervus nippon) population has increased dramatically in the last dozen years or so. To determine how to overcome these difficulties, various studies are underway in Japan. For example, seedling studies have examined the relationship between seedling size and competitive ability with other species in reforested areas, and have led to the development of lower-cost systems to produce customized Cupressaceae seedlings, as well as measures to minimize transplanting damage to seedlings. Previous studies have shown that no-weeding operations might lower the risk of sika deer browsing seedlings, although this silvicultural countermeasure may potentially reduce seedling growth. Studies have also examined the types of physical protection against sika deer browsing that are most efficient. We must combine these findings into a unified silvicultural system for successful restoration via lower-cost plantations.

Download Full-text

14. Theory and Practice of Continental Warfare

Strategy in the Contemporary World ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198708919.003.0015 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Biddle

Keyword(s):

Technological Change ◽

Case Studies ◽

Gulf War ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Actual Experience ◽

European Theatre ◽

The Cost ◽

The Relationship ◽

Second World ◽

Tight Integration

This chapter examines the theory and practice of continental warfare, with particular emphasis on the relationship between ideas on conventional land warfare and actual experience since 1900. It considers technological change, including mechanization, as the central challenge facing modern theorists as well as tactical and doctrinal responses that emerged very quickly in reaction to modern weapons' radical lethality. These responses emphasized cover, concealment, tight integration of suppressive fire and movement, depth, and reliance on withheld reserves at the cost of lighter forward deployments. These concepts subsequently formed the foundation for most modern systems of tactics and doctrine. The chapter explores the relationship between theory and practice in continental warfare by focusing on four case studies: the European theatre in the First and Second World Wars, the Arab–Israeli War of 1973, and the Gulf War of 1991.

Download Full-text

The relationship between deer-train collisions and daily activity of the sika deer, Cervus nippon

Mammal Study ◽

10.3106/mammalstudy.28.135 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 135-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Chieko Ando

Keyword(s):

Daily Activity ◽

Sika Deer ◽

Cervus Nippon ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Análisis de eficiencia en proyectos de inversión Pública: un estudio de caso en proyectos ejecutados por Administración directa

Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research ◽

10.18271/ria.2016.179 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Samuel Huaquisto Cáceres

Keyword(s):

Execution Time ◽

Lower Cost ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Efficient Control ◽

Direct Administration ◽

Technical Specifications ◽

The Cost ◽

The Relationship

RESUMENLa existencia de problemas en la ejecución de proyectos por administración directa incide en los costos y tiempos que ella demande. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo determinar la relación entre la eficiencia del control con la variación del costo y tiempo de los proyectos ejecutados por Administración Directa. El tipo de investigación es de alcance correlacional de corte transeccional, cuya muestra de estudio son 8 proyectos seleccionados determinísticamente de la base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública programados para la jurisdicción del distrito de Cojata provincia de Huancané departamento de Puno. Los resultados indican que existen correlación inversa entre la eficiencia del control con la variación del costo de la mano de obra, costo de materiales, costos indirectos y el tiempo de ejecución, lo que implica que a mayor eficiencia se tiene menor variación de costos de mano de obra, materiales, costos indirectos y tiempo de ejecución. No se ha encontrado correlación alguna entre la eficiencia del control y la variación del costo de equipos. Por tanto a mayor eficiencia del control de los proyectos ejecutados por administración directa se tiene menor variación del costo y tiempo de ejecución. En conclusión, en los proyectos que han mostrado poca variación de sus costos y tiempos de ejecución su eficiencia fue más elevado que en los proyectos con eficiencias calificadas como deficientes. En los proyectos con eficiencia alta se ha observado el cumplimiento satisfactorio de las especificaciones técnicas, normativas y administrativas. ABSTRACTThe existence of problems in the implementation of projects by direct administration affects the cost and time that it demands. This study aims to determine the relationship between the efficiency of the control with the variation of the cost and time of projects implemented by direct administration. The research is correlational scope of transactional court, whose study sample considered is 8 projects that are planned in the jurisdiction of the district Cojata Huancané province of Puno department. The results indicate that there exists an inverse correlation between the efficiency of the control with the variation in the cost of labor, material costs, indirect costs and execution time, which means that greater efficiency has lower cost variation labor, materials, overheads and runtime. It was not found any correlation between the efficiency of the control and variation of the cost of equipment. Therefore a more efficient control of projects implemented by direct administration you have less variation in the cost and time of execution. In conclusion, the projects have shown little variation in costs and execution time efficiency was higher than in the projects rated as poor efficiencies. In projects with high efficiency it has been observed successful completion of the administrative technical specifications and regulations.

Download Full-text

Tenements to bungalows: class and the growth of home ownership before ‘World War II’

Urban History ◽

10.1017/s0963926800016400 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 221-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Annette O'Carroll

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Strong Association ◽

White Collar ◽

World War ◽

White Collar Workers ◽

The Cost ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

Second World

ABSTRACTWhich social groups were moving into owner occupation in Britain before the Second World War is a matter of controversy, with opposing claims that this involved mainly white-collar or skilled manual workers. Although reliable figures showing the growth of home ownership in this period are rare, data are available for Edinburgh which indicate that tenure development in the city probably resembled that of England and Wales rather than the rest of Scotland. The relationship between income and the cost of home ownership is examined and this suggests that the main social group to move into owner occupation were probably white-collar workers. However, an analysis of occupational information from housing across a range of values in the city shows that this movement also affected manual workers and that there was a strong association between the proportions in each social class and the average rateable value of areas of housing.

Download Full-text

Intense Browsing by Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) Drives the Genectic Differentiation of Hairy Nettle (Urtica Thunbergiana) Populations

10.21203/rs.3.rs-360040/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tetsuo I. Kohyama ◽

Mei Yoshida ◽

Masahito T. Kimura ◽

Hiroaki Sato

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Natural Selection ◽

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Genetic Drift ◽

Sika Deer ◽

Cervus Nippon ◽

Deer Browsing ◽

Principal Coordinates ◽

Outlier Loci ◽

Two Populations

Abstract Many studies have inferred the way in which natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow shape the population genetic structures, but very few have quantified the population differentiation under spatially and temporally varying levels of selection pressure, population fluctuation and gene flow. In Nara Park (6.6 km2; NP), central Japan, where several hundred sika deer (Cervus nippon) have been protected for more than 1,200 years, heavily- or moderately-haired nettle (Uritica thunbergiana) populations have evolved probably in response to intense deer browsing. Here, we analysed the genetic structure of two populations from NP and five from surrounding areas using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. A total of 546 marker loci were genotyped from 210 individuals. A Bayesian method estimated 5.5% of these loci to be outliers, which are putatively under natural selection. Neighbour-joining, Bayesian clustering and principal coordinates analyses using all-loci, non-outlier loci and outlier loci datasets showed that the two populations from NP formed a cluster distinct from the surroundings. These results indicate the genome-wide differentiation of the populations from NP and the surroundings. Moreover, these imply that: (1) gene flow is limited between these populations and thus genetic drift is a major factor causing the differentiation; and (2) natural selection imposed by intense deer browsing has contributed to some extent to the differentiation. In conclusion, sika deer seems to have counteracted genetic drift to drive the genetic differentiation of hairy nettles in NP. This study suggests that a single herbivore species could lead genetic differentiation among plant populations.

Download Full-text

The Relationship between Bark-stripping Damage to Forest Trees Caused by Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Understory Vegetation.

Journal of the Japanese Forest Society ◽

10.4005/jjfs.89.208 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 208-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Inoue ◽

T. Murakami ◽

Y. Mitsuda ◽

J. Miyajima ◽

N. Mizoue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sika Deer ◽

Cervus Nippon ◽

Understory Vegetation ◽

Forest Trees ◽

Bark Stripping ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

Vocalizations in red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and red × sika hybrids

Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1017/s0952836998001149 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 244 (1) ◽

pp. 123-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. M. Long ◽

N.P. Moore ◽

T. J. Hayden

Keyword(s):

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Sika Deer ◽

Cervus Nippon

Download Full-text

The Awareness Level of the Safety and Health of the Operational Level

ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ◽

10.24191/abrij.v3i1.10036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Roshanira Che Mohd Noor ◽

Nur Atiqah Rochin Demong

Keyword(s):

Health And Safety ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Operational Level ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Health Factors ◽

The Cost ◽

The Relationship ◽

Awareness Level

Providing a safe and healthy workplace is one of the most effective strategies in for holding down the cost of doing construction business. It was a part of the overall management system to facilitate themanagement of the occupational health and safety risk that are associated with the business of the organization. Factors affected the awareness level inclusive of safety and health conditions, dangerous working area, long wait care and services and lack of emergency communication werethe contributed factors to the awareness level for the operational level. Total of 122 incidents happened at Telekom Malaysia Berhad as compared to year 2015 only 86 cases. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between safety and health factors and the awareness level among operational workers.The determination of this research was to increase the awareness level among the operational level workerswho committing to safety and health environment.

Download Full-text