scholarly journals Dengue Endemicity, Force of Infection, and Variation in Transmission Intensity in 13 Endemic Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Nealon ◽  
Alain Bouckenooghe ◽  
Margarita Cortes ◽  
Laurent Coudeville ◽  
Carina Frago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Serological Study ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Dengue endemicity varies but comparative, multicountry data are extremely limited. An improved understanding is needed to prioritize prevention, including vaccination, which is currently recommended only under specific epidemiological conditions. We used serological study data from 46 geographical sites in 13 countries to estimate dengue force of infection (FOI, the proportion of children seroconverting per year) under assumptions of either age-constant or age-varying FOI, and the age at which 50% and 80% of children had been infected. After exclusions, 13 661 subjects were included. Estimated constant FOI varied widely, from 1.7% (Singapore) to 24.1% (the Philippines). In the site-level analysis 44 sites (96%) reached 50% seroconversion and 35 sites (75%) reached 80% seroconversion by age 18 years, with significant heterogeneity. These findings confirm that children living in dengue-endemic countries receive intense early dengue exposure, increasing risk of secondary infection, and imply serosurveys at fine spatial resolutions are needed to inform vaccination campaigns.

scholarly journals Estimating the annual dengue force of infection from the age of reporting primary infections across urban centres in endemic countries

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Biggs ◽  
Ava Kristy Sy ◽  
Katharine Sherratt ◽  
Oliver J. Brady ◽  
Adam J. Kucharski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Dengue Case ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Regression Modelling ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Stratifying dengue risk within endemic countries is crucial for allocating limited control interventions. Current methods of monitoring dengue transmission intensity rely on potentially inaccurate incidence estimates. We investigated whether incidence or alternate metrics obtained from standard, or laboratory, surveillance operations represent accurate surrogate indicators of the burden of dengue and can be used to monitor the force of infection (FOI) across urban centres. Methods Among those who reported and resided in 13 cities across the Philippines, we collected epidemiological data from all dengue case reports between 2014 and 2017 (N 80,043) and additional laboratory data from a cross-section of sampled case reports (N 11,906) between 2014 and 2018. At the city level, we estimated the aggregated annual FOI from age-accumulated IgG among the non-dengue reporting population using catalytic modelling. We compared city-aggregated FOI estimates to aggregated incidence and the mean age of clinically and laboratory diagnosed dengue cases using Pearson’s Correlation coefficient and generated predicted FOI estimates using regression modelling. Results We observed spatial heterogeneity in the dengue average annual FOI across sampled cities, ranging from 0.054 [0.036–0.081] to 0.249 [0.223–0.279]. Compared to FOI estimates, the mean age of primary dengue infections had the strongest association (ρ −0.848, p value<0.001) followed by the mean age of those reporting with warning signs (ρ −0.642, p value 0.018). Using regression modelling, we estimated the predicted annual dengue FOI across urban centres from the age of those reporting with primary infections and revealed prominent spatio-temporal heterogeneity in transmission intensity. Conclusions We show the mean age of those reporting with their first dengue infection or those reporting with warning signs of dengue represent superior indicators of the dengue FOI compared to crude incidence across urban centres. Our work provides a framework for national dengue surveillance to routinely monitor transmission and target control interventions to populations most in need.

Mapping global variation in dengue transmission intensity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (528) ◽  
pp. eaax4144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cattarino ◽  
Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer ◽  
Natsuko Imai ◽  
Derek A. T. Cummings ◽  
Neil M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
The Impact

Intervention planning for dengue requires reliable estimates of dengue transmission intensity. However, current maps of dengue risk provide estimates of disease burden or the boundaries of endemicity rather than transmission intensity. We therefore developed a global high-resolution map of dengue transmission intensity by fitting environmentally driven geospatial models to geolocated force of infection estimates derived from cross-sectional serological surveys and routine case surveillance data. We assessed the impact of interventions on dengue transmission and disease using Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and the Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine as specific examples. We predicted high transmission intensity in all continents straddling the tropics, with hot spots in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil), Africa (western and central African countries), and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines). We estimated that 105 [95% confidence interval (CI), 95 to 114] million dengue infections occur each year with 51 (95% CI, 32 to 66) million febrile disease cases. Our analysis suggests that transmission-blocking interventions such as Wolbachia, even at intermediate efficacy (50% transmission reduction), might reduce global annual disease incidence by up to 90%. The Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine, targeting only seropositive recipients, might reduce global annual disease incidence by 20 to 30%, with the greatest impact in high-transmission settings. The transmission intensity map presented here, and made available for download, may help further assessment of the impact of dengue control interventions and prioritization of global public health efforts.

scholarly journals The contribution of state web portals to the transparency of the vaccination process against COVID-19 in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. e3208
Author(s):  
Fabiano Maury Raupp ◽  
Ana Rita Silva Sacramento
Keyword(s):  
Federal District ◽  
Theoretical Implication ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Study Data ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Technological Imperative ◽  
Public Managers ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Web

The article aimed to characterize the contribution of Brazilian state web portals to the transparency of the vaccination process against COVID-19. This research is descriptive, undertaken through a documentary study with a quali-quantitative approach. The purpose of the investigation comprises the web portals of the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. The study was guided by the application of the COVID-19 Vaccination Transparency Index (ITVC-19). The study data were obtained in six surveys carried out from the analysis of the portals, using content analysis as the processing technique. The constancy of some states at higher and lower levels (i.e., the extremes) and the evolution of others going from lower to higher levels was observed. Although the vast majority of web portals of Brazilian states contribute to the transparency of the vaccination against COVID-19, there are still states the portal of which, for being at opaque, low, or intermediary levels, seem to exist more due to a dominant technological imperative and less to favor the transparency of government actions. The study has a direct theoretical implication when it enables the development of an index that contributes to analyzing the transparency in the vaccination process against COVID-19. It is assumed that, in the future, the index may also be used for new studies on vaccination campaigns, not just this one restricted to the pandemic context. Consequently, it contributes to bridging the gap in the literature, notably the national literature. The practical contribution is also demonstrated by the provision of a diagnosis that, albeit specific, may be used by public managers interested in advancing vaccination transparency.

Accomplishing “rapport” in qualitative research interviews: Empathic moments in interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Asylum Seeker ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Qualitative Interviewing ◽  
Research Interviews ◽  
Case Study Data

AbstractThis study seeks to bring a more interactionally grounded perspective to the concept of “rapport” and its relevance for qualitative interviewing practices. Building on work within conversation analysis (CA), it respecifies rapport as affiliation and, more specifically, empathy. Analysis centers on case study data from an interview with an asylum seeker from the Philippines. It examines how interviewer and interviewee move in and out of empathic moments across the interview sequences as they manage their affective stances related to the events the interviewee describes and, in turn, by managing their empathic alignments with each other. These empathic moments share a number of features: they primarily come after response delays and the interviewee’s response pursuits, they are part of assessment sequences built by lexical reformulation and repetition, they entail stance matching and upgrading mainly through the use of prosodic resources, and they involve the interviewee asserting his primary rights to characterize and assess his own experiences. The article concludes by recommending more attention to the affiliative and empathic dimensions of qualitative interviewing.

Performance of Broadband Seismic Network of the Philippines

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo A. Melosantos ◽  
◽  
Karl Vincent C. Soriano ◽  
Ponzch Colleen M. Alcones ◽  
Jose U. Pantig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Seismic Network ◽  
Network Development ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Using Data

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology implements a program on seismic and tsunami network development. It also plans to expand the Philippine seismic network (PSN), commission new stations, rehabilitate and improve existing stations, and repair and maintain the PSN. The PSN consists of 70 stations, 12 of which use broadband seismometers. Stations are strategically located to maximize the use of data from stations. The broadband seismic network is being developed to monitor earthquakes in and around the Philippines and to provide more accurate data for calculating earthquake parameters. Using data obtain from broadband records, the systemwill immediately calculate earthquake parameters useful for making decisions that provide highly accurate, timely warnings and information. PSN performance is evaluated in this study to ensure this. We consider background noise by analyzing station locations and conditions and their data contribution to SWIFT CMT solutions. We also use power spectral density (PSD) to compare station noise levels to global standards and study data gaps and their causes. Based on the above parameters and using a scale of poor-goodbest, the broadband seismic network is currently performing well.

scholarly journals Sustaining Successful ICT Integration in Remote Rural Schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenita Natalio Que
Keyword(s):  
Rural Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Ict Integration ◽  
Small Rural Schools ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Geographically Isolated

This paper aims to provide insights into how teachers can sustain ICT integration practices in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas. A mixed-method case study design was used for the study. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, classroom observation, and document examination. Qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. For data validity, triangulation of responses and member checking was carried out. The study identified successful technology integration factors in geographically isolated and disadvantaged schools: a strong community of practice, an adequate support system, and contextual ICT integration practices. It suggests that teachers’ pedagogical practices related to ICT toned to undergo a continuous process of review and reflection to ensure that ICT-related practices remain pedagogically effective and relevant to changing needs and contexts. The account of the teachers in this study, focusing on their teaching experiences in a school in a remote, low-income area, creates a paradigm for comparative research on education in challenging contexts. Comparative studies on ICT integration practices in poverty-stricken, post-disaster, and conflict-affected areas, could provide inputs for formulating context-specific policy recommendations that could support successful ICT integration in small rural schools in the Philippines and other developing countries.

scholarly journals Psychosocial Impact of Joblessness Due to Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case of Hotel Workers from The Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Mike Haizon M. David, MSHRM ◽  
Alfer S. Sanchez, CHP, MSHTM ◽  
Ilyn M. Mendoza, MSHRM
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Psychosocial Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Luxury Hotels ◽  
Hotel Workers ◽  
The Impact

The hospitality industry faced extraordinary challenges as opposed to the pandemic that causes the decrease of occupancy rate until 4% for economy hotels and 15% for luxury hotels. This condition affects to joblessness of the hotel workers. The study focuses on the psychosocial impact of joblessness due to the covid-19 pandemic on the hotel workers.  A qualitative research design was used in this study. Data gathered was from the point of view of the hotel workers of the industries done through interviews online. The implication of the study reveals the challenges brought by this pandemic are mostly loss of revenues leading to employee layoffs. The study reveals that despite the pandemic faced by the industries, the resiliency of Filipinos was evidently seen. Furthermore, the hospitality industry distinguished the impact of Covid-19 on the well-being of hotel workers. Thus, results from this study can be used by companies to develop a more efficient coping mechanism for unforeseen situations like pandemics and any other circumstances unpredicted by humankind.

scholarly journals Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Lydeamore ◽  
P. T. Campbell ◽  
W. Cuningham ◽  
R. M. Andrews ◽  
T. Kearns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Exponential Mixture ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean

AbstractPrevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group AStreptococcus(GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models. To estimate the force of infection, we quantified the age of first skin sores and scabies infection by pooling historical data from three studies conducted across five remote Aboriginal communities for children born between 2001 and 2005. We estimated the age of the first infection using the Kaplan–Meier estimator; parametric exponential mixture model; and Cox proportional hazards. For skin sores, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 10 months and the median was 7 months, with some heterogeneity in median observed by the community. For scabies, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 9 months and the median was 8 months, with significant heterogeneity by the community and an enhanced risk for children born between October and December. The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities.

scholarly journals Uncertain outcomes: adjusting for misclassification in antimalarial efficacy studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. PORTER ◽  
C. L. BURCH ◽  
C. POOLE ◽  
J. J. JULIANO ◽  
S. R. COLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes

SUMMARYEvaluation of antimalarial efficacy is difficult because recurrent parasitaemia can be due to recrudescence or re-infection. PCR is used to differentiate between recrudescences and re-infections by comparing parasite allelic variants before and after treatment. However, PCR-corrected results are susceptible to misclassification: false positives, due to re-infection by the same variant present in the patient before treatment; and false negatives, due to variants that are present but too infrequent to be detected in the pre-treatment PCR, but are then detectable post-treatment. This paper aimed to explore factors affecting the probability of false positives and proposes a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to account for both types of misclassification. Higher levels of transmission intensity, increased multiplicity of infection, and limited allelic variation resulted in more false recrudescences. The uncertainty analysis exploits characteristics of study data to minimize bias in the estimate of efficacy and can be applied to areas of different transmission intensity.

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