scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics and Incubation Period of 7015 Confirmed Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outside Hubei Province in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuquan Nie ◽  
Lieyang Fan ◽  
Ge Mu ◽  
Qiyou Tan ◽  
Mengyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 broke out in Wuhan in December 2019. We utilized confirmed cases outside Hubei Province to analyze epidemiologic characteristics and evaluate the effect of traffic restrictions implemented in Hubei beginning on 23 January 2020. Methods Information on 7015 confirmed cases from 19 January to 8 February 2020 in all provinces outside Hubei was collected from the national and local health commissions in China. Incubation period and interval times were calculated using dates of the following events: contact with an infected person, onset, first visit, and diagnosis. We evaluated changes in incubation period and interval times. Results The average age of all cases was 44.24 years. The median incubation period was 5 days and extended from 2 days on 23 January to 15 days on 8 February. The proportion of imported cases decreased from 85.71% to 33.19% after 23 January. In addition, lengths of intervals between onset and diagnosis, onset and first visit, and first visit and diagnosis decreased over time. Conclusions Rapidly transmitting COVID-19 has a short incubation period. The onset mainly occurred among young to middle-aged adults. Traffic restrictions played an important role in the decreased number of imported cases outside Hubei.

The effects of obligation on relationships and well-being over time in middle adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-489
Author(s):  
Jeewon Oh ◽  
William J. Chopik ◽  
Amy K. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Friend Support ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Over Time

Previous research has offered mixed evidence on whether obligation in relationships benefits or harms individuals and their relationships. Given that few studies are prospective and consider multiple close relationships, we used 18-year longitudinal data to model whether obligation is associated with differences in relational and individual well-being over time. Because prior mixed findings may be attributed to differential influences of obligation across development, we also considered age. Light obligation predicted higher levels of relational and individual well-being; substantive obligation sometimes predicted lower levels of well-being. Both types of obligation mostly did not predict changes in relationships and well-being over time except substantive obligation predicted slower increases in friend support. The associations between light and substantive obligation were largely uniform across age. The only exception was for substantive obligation and friend support; substantive obligation was associated with a slower increase in friend support only for younger adults (<39 years old). This study extends previous research by examining obligation among middle-aged adults, addressing a critical developmental gap in this literature. Findings suggest that understanding people’s obligations toward close others is important not only for their own well-being but also their relationships in adulthood.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Characteristics of Imported and Domestic Chikungunya Cases in Taiwan: A 13-Year Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3615
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Chou ◽  
Chi-Jeng Hsieh ◽  
Chun-An Cheng ◽  
Ding-Chung Wu ◽  
Wen-Chih Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Chikungunya Fever ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Zoonotic Disease Transmission ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics

Background: Chikungunya fever is caused by the chikungunya virus. Numerous factors affect the risk of chikungunya transmission. This study explored the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and trends in domestic and imported cases of chikungunya fever in Taiwan in terms of patient sex, age, month of confirmation, and area of residence from 2007 to 2019. Methods: Public annual chikungunya data from Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were analyzed. In total, 21 confirmed domestic and 198 imported cases of chikungunya were reported. Of the domestic cases, one was sporadic and reported in July 2019, and 20 were attributed to a cluster event during August and September 2019. Results: In a comparison between domestic and imported cases reported from July to October 2019, differences in sex were nonsignificant (p = 0.555), whereas significant differences were observed for age (p < 0.001), month of confirmation (p = 0.005), and place of residence (p = 0.001). An age of 69–69 years (odds ratio (OR) = 6.66, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 2.15–20.65), month of confirmation of September (OR = 5.25, 95%CI = 1.89–14.61) and place of residence of New Taipei City (OR = 48.70, 95%CI = 6.17–384.44) were identified as potential risk factors. Additionally, domestic cases in August and September 2019 increased in proportion to the increase in imported cases during July and August 2019. Increased domestic patients may have been caused by the domestic mosquitoes that transmitted the virus by biting the imported patients to Taiwan. This is the first report comparing domestic and imported cases of chikungunya from surveillance data from the Taiwan CDC from 2007 to 2019. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of longitudinal and geographically extended studies to understand the implications of zoonotic disease transmission on Taiwan’s population. Critical data were identified to inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Lessons learnt from 288 COVID-19 international cases: importations over time, effect of interventions, underdetection of imported cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pinotti ◽  
Laura Di Domenico ◽  
Ernesto Ortega ◽  
Marco Mancastroppa ◽  
Giulia Pullano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT288 cases have been confirmed out of China from January 3 to February 13, 2020. We collected and synthesized all available information on these cases from official sources and media. We analyzed importations that were successfully isolated and those leading to onward transmission. We modeled their number over time, in relation to the origin of travel (Hubei province, other Chinese provinces, other countries) and interventions. We characterized importations timeline to assess the rapidity of isolation, and epidemiologically linked clusters to estimate the rate of detection. We found a rapid exponential growth of importations from Hubei, combined with a slower growth from the other areas. We predicted a rebound of importations from South East Asia in the upcoming weeks. Time from travel to detection has considerably decreased since the first importation, however 6 cases out of 10 were estimated to go undetected. Countries outside China should be prepared for the possible emergence of several undetected clusters of chains of local transmissions.

scholarly journals Associations of Hearing Sensitivity, Higher-Order Auditory Processing, and Cognition Over Time in Middle-Aged Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Merten ◽  
Mary E Fischer ◽  
Ted S Tweed ◽  
Monique M B Breteler ◽  
Karen J Cruickshanks
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Age-related hearing loss (impairment in hearing sensitivity and/or higher-order auditory processing) and cognitive decline are common co-occurring impairments in elderly adults. Their relation in the process of aging remains insufficiently understood. We aim to assess the temporal relations of decline in hearing sensitivity, higher-order auditory processing, and cognition in middle-aged adults. Methods This study included 1,274 Beaver Dam Offspring Study participants who participated in three examinations (baseline, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up). We assessed hearing sensitivity through pure-tone audiometry (PTA, averaged thresholds of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz of the better ear), higher-order auditory processing as word recognition in competing message (WRCM) using the Northwestern University 6 word list in the better ear, and cognition through trail-making test performance (TMT). Linear mixed-effects models and linear regression models were used to determine associations over time and to what extent these measures influence each other over time. Results The longitudinal decline between all functions was associated with the strongest relationships between PTA and WRCM. The effect of baseline PTA on WRCM 10 years later (standardized ß = –.30) was almost twice as big as the effect of baseline WRCM on PTA 10 years later (standardized ß = –.18). The effect of baseline WRCM on TMT 10 years later and vice versa were small (standardized ß = –.05). No directional relationship between PTA and TMT was identified (standardized ß ≤ .02). Conclusions While hearing sensitivity might affect higher-order auditory processing, associations between hearing and cognition appear bidirectional and weak in midlife. We need to be cautious before inferring causal effects of hearing on cognition.

scholarly journals Challenges Caused by Imported Cases Abroad for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfei Zhu ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
Chenghui Jia ◽  
Shuonan Xu ◽  
Jie Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Diagnostic Time ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Overseas imported cases of COVID-19 continue to increase in China, so we conducted this study to review the epidemiological characteristics of these patients.Methods: From February 26 to April 4, 2020, the imported cases from abroad were enrolled in this study. The effect of prevention countermeasures in curbing the spread of COVID-19 was assessed in this study. Moreover, we defined incubation period and confirmed time as from the date of leaving the epicenter to date of symptom onset and date of final diagnosed, respectively, and the interval of symptom onset to final diagnosed time was defined as diagnostic time. Categorical variables were summarized as numbers and percentages, and the difference among the variables were analyzed.Results: For 670 cases imported from abroad, 555 were Chinese and 115 were foreigners. Apparently, confirmed cases had significantly decreased after China was compelled to temporarily suspend the entry of foreign passport holders with valid visas or residence permits; 6 days after implement of controlled measures, the daily new confirmed cases were reduced to 13 cases. Moreover, about 84.3% of patients (166/197) presented symptoms 1 week after leaving the epicenter, and notably seven patients (3.6%) had symptoms 2 weeks after leaving the epicenter. The median incubation period was 3.0 days (inter quartile range, 1.0 to 6.0), the 95th percentile was 11.6 days. Additionally, most of cases (92.9%) were detected positively of nucleic acid after symptom onset with 4 days, the median diagnostic time was 2.0 days (interquartile range, 1.0 to 3.0), and the 95th percentile of the distribution was 5.0 days. Finally, about 5.8% of patients were healthy carriers, and the median confirmed time of asymptomatic patients was 4.0 days (interquartile range, 2.0 to 9.0). The following variables might be associated with confirmed time: symptom type (P = 0.005), exported regions (P &lt; 0.001), and symptom onset time (P &lt; 0.001).Conclusions: The prevention countermeasures for imported cases implemented by the Chinese government played an indispensable role in curbing the spread of COVID-19; the time of departure from epicenter could provide an estimate of the incubation period; and a confirmed time, 2-week quarantine period might need to be prolonged, while asymptomatic patients should be closely monitored.

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