scholarly journals Intestinal antibody responses to two novel live attenuated type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines in healthy adults in Belgium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Brickley ◽  
Ruth I Connor ◽  
Wendy Wieland-Alter ◽  
Joshua A Weiner ◽  
Margaret E Ackerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract In a blinded phase 1 trial (EudraCT 2017-0000908-21; NCT03430349) in Belgium, healthy adults (18 to 50 years) previously immunized exclusively with inactivated polio vaccine were administered a single dose of one of two novel type 2 oral polio vaccines (nOPV2-c1: S2/cre5/S15domV/rec1/hifi3 (N=15); nOPV2-c2: S2/S15domV/CpG40 (N=15)) and isolated for 28 days in a purpose-built containment facility. Using stool samples collected near days 0, 7, 14, and 28, we evaluated intestinal neutralization and IgA responses to the novel OPV2s and found that nOPV2-c1 and nOPV2-c2 induced detectable poliovirus type 2-specific intestinal neutralizing responses in 40.0% and 46.7% of participants respectively.

scholarly journals The novel adjuvant dmLT promotes dose sparing, mucosal immunity and longevity of antibody responses to the inactivated polio vaccine in a murine model

Vaccine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (16) ◽  
pp. 1909-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Norton ◽  
David L. Bauer ◽  
William C. Weldon ◽  
M. Steven Oberste ◽  
Louise B. Lawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Murine Model ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Dose Sparing

scholarly journals Intestinal antibody responses to a live oral poliovirus vaccine challenge among adults previously immunized with inactivated polio vaccine in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e001613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Brickley ◽  
Ruth I Connor ◽  
Wendy F Wieland-Alter ◽  
Marc S Collett ◽  
Marianne Hartford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Vaccine Type

BackgroundOur understanding of the acquisition of intestinal mucosal immunity and the control of poliovirus replication and transmission in later life is still emerging.MethodsAs part of a 2011 randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the experimental antiviral agent pocapavir (EudraCT 2011-004804-38), Swedish adults, aged 18–50 years, who had previously received four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in childhood were challenged with a single dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 1 (mOPV1). Using faecal samples collected before and serially, over the course of 45 days, after mOPV1 challenge from a subset of placebo-arm participants who did not receive pocapavir (N=12), we investigated the kinetics of the intestinal antibody response to challenge virus by measuring poliovirus type 1-specific neutralising activity and IgA concentrations.ResultsIn faecal samples collected prior to mOPV1 challenge, we found no evidence of pre-existing intestinal neutralising antibodies to any of the three poliovirus serotypes. Despite persistent high-titered vaccine virus shedding and rising serum neutralisation responses after mOPV1 challenge, intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation remained low with a titer of ≤18.4 across all time points and individuals. Poliovirus types 1-specific, 2-specific and 3-specific IgA remained below the limit of detection for all specimens collected postchallenge.InterpretationIn contrast to recent studies demonstrating brisk intestinal antibody responses to oral polio vaccine challenge in young children previously vaccinated with IPV, this investigation finds that adults previously vaccinated with IPV have only modest intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation and no IgA responses that are measurable in stool samples following documented mOPV1 infection.

scholarly journals Limited and Localized Outbreak of Newly Emergent Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Sichuan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Yan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shuangli Zhu ◽  
Na Chen ◽  
Xiaolei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence

ABSTRACTFrom August 2011 to February 2012, an outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) occurred in Aba County, Sichuan, China. During the outbreak, four type 2 VDPVs (≥0.6% nucleotide divergence in theVP1region relative to the Sabin 2 strain) were isolated from 3 patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and one close contact. In addition, a type 2 pre-VDPV (0.3% to 0.5% divergence from Sabin 2) that was genetically related to these type 2 VDPVs was isolated from another AFP patient. These 4 patients were all unimmunized children 0.7 to 1.1 years old. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the 4 VDPV isolates differed from Sabin 2 by 0.7% to 1.2% in nucleotides in theVP1region and shared 5 nucleotide substitutions with the pre-VDPV. All 5 isolates were closely related, and all were S2/S3/S2/S3 recombinants sharing common recombination crossover sites. Although the two major determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity phenotype of Sabin 2 (A481in the 5′ untranslated region and Ile143in theVP1protein) had reverted in all 5 isolates, one VDPV (strain CHN16017) still retained the temperature sensitivity phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the third coding position of the completeP1coding region suggested that the cVDPVs circulated locally for about 7 months following the initiating oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose. Our findings reinforce the point that cVDPVs can emerge and spread in isolated communities with immunity gaps and highlight the emergence risks of type 2 cVDPVs accompanying the trivalent OPV used. To solve this issue, it is recommended that type 2 OPV be removed from the trivalent OPV or that inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) be used instead.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Thomas Aitken ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Surveillance

Australia conducts surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the main method to monitor its polio-free status. Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2015, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.2 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Two non-polio enteroviruses, enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus B3, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia complements the clinical surveillance program with enterovirus and environmental surveillance for poliovirus. Two Sabin-like polioviruses were isolated from sewage collected in Melbourne in 2015, which would have been imported from a country that uses the oral polio vaccine. The global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 was certified in 2015 and Sabin poliovirus type 2 will be withdrawn from oral polio vaccine in April 2016. Laboratory containment of all remaining wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus type 2 will occur in 2016 and the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory was designated as a polio essential facility. Globally, in 2015, 74 cases of polio were reported, only in the two remaining countries endemic for wild poliovirus: Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is the lowest number reported since the global polio eradication program was initiated.

Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

scholarly journals T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie J. Ewer ◽  
◽  
Jordan R. Barrett ◽  
Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer ◽  
Hannah Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Antibody Responses
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