scholarly journals Limited and Localized Outbreak of Newly Emergent Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in Sichuan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Yan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shuangli Zhu ◽  
Na Chen ◽  
Xiaolei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence

ABSTRACTFrom August 2011 to February 2012, an outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) occurred in Aba County, Sichuan, China. During the outbreak, four type 2 VDPVs (≥0.6% nucleotide divergence in theVP1region relative to the Sabin 2 strain) were isolated from 3 patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and one close contact. In addition, a type 2 pre-VDPV (0.3% to 0.5% divergence from Sabin 2) that was genetically related to these type 2 VDPVs was isolated from another AFP patient. These 4 patients were all unimmunized children 0.7 to 1.1 years old. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the 4 VDPV isolates differed from Sabin 2 by 0.7% to 1.2% in nucleotides in theVP1region and shared 5 nucleotide substitutions with the pre-VDPV. All 5 isolates were closely related, and all were S2/S3/S2/S3 recombinants sharing common recombination crossover sites. Although the two major determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity phenotype of Sabin 2 (A481in the 5′ untranslated region and Ile143in theVP1protein) had reverted in all 5 isolates, one VDPV (strain CHN16017) still retained the temperature sensitivity phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the third coding position of the completeP1coding region suggested that the cVDPVs circulated locally for about 7 months following the initiating oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose. Our findings reinforce the point that cVDPVs can emerge and spread in isolated communities with immunity gaps and highlight the emergence risks of type 2 cVDPVs accompanying the trivalent OPV used. To solve this issue, it is recommended that type 2 OPV be removed from the trivalent OPV or that inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) be used instead.

Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of the hot spot region related to length mutations in wheat chloroplast DNAs. I. Nucleotide divergence of genes and intergenic spacer regions located in the hot spot region.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Ogihara ◽  
T Terachi ◽  
T Sasakuma
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Gene Evolution ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence ◽  
Chloroplast Dnas

Abstract The nucleotide divergence of chloroplast DNAs around the hot spot region related to length mutation in Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops was analyzed. DNA sequences (ca. 4.5 kbp) of three chloroplast genome types of wheat complex were compared with one another and with the corresponding region of other grasses. The sequences region contained rbcL and psaI, two open reading frames, and a pseudogene, rpl23' (pseudogene for ribosomal protein L23) disrupted by AT-rich intergic spacer regions. The evolution of these genes in the closely related wheat complex is characterized by nonbiased nucleotide substitutions in terms of being synonymous/nonsynonymous, having A-T pressure transitions over transversions, and frequent changes at the third codon position, in contrast with the gene evolution among more distant plant groups where biased nucleotide substitutions have frequently occurred. The sequences of these genes had diverged almost in proportion to taxonomic distance. The sequence of the pseudogene rpl23' changed approximately two times faster than that of the coding region. Sequence comparison between the pseudogene and its protein-coding counterpart revealed different degrees of nucleotide homology in wheat, rice and maize, suggesting that the transposition timing of the pseudogene differed and/or that different rates of gene conversion operated on the pseudogene in the cpDNA of the three plant groups in Gramineae. The intergenic spacer regions diverged approximately ten times faster than the genes. The divergence of wheat from barley, and that from rice are estimated based on the nucleotide similarity to be 1.5, 10 and 40 million years, respectively.

scholarly journals Intestinal antibody responses to two novel live attenuated type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines in healthy adults in Belgium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Brickley ◽  
Ruth I Connor ◽  
Wendy Wieland-Alter ◽  
Joshua A Weiner ◽  
Margaret E Ackerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract In a blinded phase 1 trial (EudraCT 2017-0000908-21; NCT03430349) in Belgium, healthy adults (18 to 50 years) previously immunized exclusively with inactivated polio vaccine were administered a single dose of one of two novel type 2 oral polio vaccines (nOPV2-c1: S2/cre5/S15domV/rec1/hifi3 (N=15); nOPV2-c2: S2/S15domV/CpG40 (N=15)) and isolated for 28 days in a purpose-built containment facility. Using stool samples collected near days 0, 7, 14, and 28, we evaluated intestinal neutralization and IgA responses to the novel OPV2s and found that nOPV2-c1 and nOPV2-c2 induced detectable poliovirus type 2-specific intestinal neutralizing responses in 40.0% and 46.7% of participants respectively.

scholarly journals Isolation of Sabin-Like Polioviruses from Wastewater in a Country Using Inactivated Polio Vaccine

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (18) ◽  
pp. 5608-5614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Zurbriggen ◽  
Kurt Tobler ◽  
Carlos Abril ◽  
Sabine Diedrich ◽  
Mathias Ackermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Viral Protein 1

ABSTRACT From 2001 to 2004, Switzerland switched from routine vaccination with oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), using both vaccines in the intervening period. Since IPV is less effective at inducing mucosal immunity than OPV, this change might allow imported poliovirus to circulate undetected more easily in an increasingly IPV-immunized population. Environmental monitoring is a recognized tool for identifying polioviruses in a community. To look for evidence of poliovirus circulation following cessation of OPV use, two sewage treatment plants located in the Zurich area were sampled from 2004 to 2006. Following virus isolation using either RD or L20B cells, enteroviruses and polioviruses were identified by reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 20 out of 174 wastewater samples were positive for 62 Sabin-like isolates. One isolate from each poliovirus-positive sample was analyzed in more detail. Sequencing the complete viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid coding region, as well as intratypic differentiation (ITD), identified 3 Sabin type 1, 13 Sabin type 2, and 4 Sabin type 3 strains. One serotype 1 strain showed a discordant result in the ITD. Three-quarters of the strains showed mutations within the 5′ untranslated region and VP1, known to be associated with reversion to virulence. Moreover, three strains showed heterotypic recombination (S2/S1 and S3/S2/S3). The low number of synonymous mutations and the partial temperature sensitivity are not consistent with extended circulation of these Sabin virus strains. Nevertheless, the continuous introduction of polioviruses into the community emphasizes the necessity for uninterrupted child vaccination to maintain high herd immunity.

scholarly journals Natural Genetic Exchanges between Vaccine and Wild Poliovirus Strains in Humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (18) ◽  
pp. 8434-8443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Guillot ◽  
Valérie Caro ◽  
Nancy Cuervo ◽  
Ekaterina Korotkova ◽  
Mariana Combiescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Recombinant Genome ◽  
Natural Means

ABSTRACT In a previous study of poliovirus vaccine-derived strains isolated from patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) (9, 11), we reported that a high proportion (over 50%) of viruses had a recombinant genome. Most were intertypic vaccine/vaccine recombinants. However, some had restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles different from those of poliovirus vaccine strains. We demonstrate here that five such recombinants, of 88 VAPP strains examined, carried sequences of wild (nonvaccine) origin. To identify the parental wild donor of these sequences, we used RFLP profiles and nucleotide sequencing to look for similarity in the 3D polymerase-coding region of 61 wild, cocirculating poliovirus isolates (43 type 1, 16 type 2, and 2 type 3 isolates). In only one case was the donor identified, and it was a wild type 1 poliovirus. For the other four vaccine/wild recombinants, the wild parent could not be identified. The possibility that the wild sequences were of a non-poliovirus-enterovirus origin could not be excluded. Another vaccine/wild recombinant, isolated in Belarus from a VAPP case, indicated that the poliovirus vaccine/wild recombination is not an isolated phenomenon. We also found wild polioviruses (2 of 15) carrying vaccine-derived sequences in the 3′ moiety of their genome. All these results suggest that genetic exchanges with wild poliovirus and perhaps with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses, are also a natural means of evolution for poliovirus vaccine strains.

Role of phenol red in the stabilization of the Sabin type 2 inactivated polio vaccine at various pH values

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Huijuan ◽  
Dai Xiaohu ◽  
Liu Ze ◽  
Cai Wei ◽  
Zhou Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Ph Values

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Two-Dose Booster Immunization with Conventional Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Japanese Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Fukushima ◽  
Takashi Nakano ◽  
Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽  
Atsuo Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Japanese Adults

Abstract Background: Most Japanese adults have been vaccinated twice in childhood with the Sabin oral polio vaccine as part of routine immunization schedules. Booster vaccination is recommended for Japanese travelers to polio-endemic or high-risk countries. This study assessed the immunogenicity of a two-dose booster regimen of conventional inactivated polio vaccine (cIPV) in Japanese adults.Methods: Healthy Japanese adults aged 20 years or older received two doses of standalone cIPV derived from virulent strains (Imovax Polio®). Serum samples were obtained before the booster vaccination and 4–6 weeks after each vaccination. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring serum neutralization titers against type 1, 2, and 3 poliovirus strains using a microneutralization assay. Results: The subjects were 61 healthy Japanese adults (26 men and 35 women) with mean ± standard deviation age of 35.8 ± 8.0 years. The seropositivity rates (i.e., percentage of subjects with anti-polio antibody titers ≥1:8 ) before booster vaccination were 88.5%, 95.1%, and 52.5% for Sabin strains (type 1, 2, and 3, respectively); 72.1%, 93.4%, and 31.1% for virulent poliovirus strains (type1: Mahoney strain; type 2: MEF-1 strain; and type 3: Saukett strain, respectively); and 93.4%, 93.4%, 93.4% and 88.5% for type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus strains (SV3128, SV3130, 11196, and 11198, respectively). After one dose of cIPV, all seropositivity rates increased to 98.4%–100.0%. After two doses of cIPV, seropositivity rates reached 100% for all strains. cIPV was well tolerated, with no safety concerns. Conclusion: Booster vaccination with standalone cIPV induced a robust immune response in Japanese adults. Trial registration: UMIN, UMIN000013551. Registered 28 March 2014 - Retrospectively registered, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-bin/ctr/ctr_view_reg.cgi?recptno=R000015830

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document