Volatile N-Nitrosamines in Infant Pacifiers Sold in the United States as Determined by Gas Chromatography/Thermal Energy Analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Stanley M Billedeau ◽  
Harold C Thompson ◽  
Barbara J Miller ◽  
Marilyn L Wind
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Enforcement Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract Volatile N-nitrosamines in infant latex rubber pacifiers were determined using a modification of a previously described dichloromethane extraction procedure, followed by gas chromatography/thermal energy analysis. Under an interagency agreement between the National Center for Toxicological Research and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), data were obtained on the baseline and compliance concentrations of volatile N-nitrosamines in infant pacifiers sold in the United States. Pacifiers made by 18 different manufacturers before and after the January 1, 1984 action level of 60 ppb was set by the CPSC were analyzed for volatile N-nitrosamines. N-Nitrosodibutylamine was the principal N-nitrosamine found, along with trace amounts of N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and N-nitrosopiperidine. Mean total volatile N-nitrosamine levels for baseline and compliance samples were 63.9 and 21.2 ppb, respectively. The pacifier lots sampled after January 1, 1984 showed a significant decrease in contamination levels, indicating that at least 98% of the market share is in compliance with the CPSC enforcement policy for N-nitrosamines in infant pacifiers sold in the United States.

Changes in Perceptions of Filipino Immigrants about Themselves and of Americans Before and After Coming to the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gremil Alessandro Naz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
American Values ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Symbolic Interaction Theory ◽  
Filipino Immigrants

<p>This paper examines the changes in Filipino immigrants’ perceptions about themselves and of Americans before and after coming to the United States. Filipinos have a general perception of themselves as an ethnic group. They also have perceptions about Americans whose media products regularly reach the Philippines. Eleven Filipinos who have permanently migrated to the US were interviewed about their perceptions of Filipinos and Americans. Before coming to the US, they saw themselves as hardworking, family-oriented, poor, shy, corrupt, proud, adaptable, fatalistic, humble, adventurous, persevering, gossipmonger, and happy. They described Americans as rich, arrogant, educated, workaholic, proud, powerful, spoiled, helpful, boastful, materialistic, individualistic, talented, domineering, friendly, accommodating, helpful, clean, and kind. Most of the respondents changed their perceptions of Filipinos and of Americans after coming to the US. They now view Filipinos as having acquired American values or “Americanized.” On the other hand, they stopped perceiving Americans as a homogenous group possessing the same values after they got into direct contact with them. The findings validate social perception and appraisal theory, and symbolic interaction theory.</p>

scholarly journals Trends in Suicidality 1 Year Before and After Birth Among Commercially Insured Childbearing Individuals in the United States, 2006-2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay K. Admon ◽  
Vanessa K. Dalton ◽  
Giselle E. Kolenic ◽  
Susan L. Ettner ◽  
Anca Tilea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Before And After

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

A Lethal Pacifier

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-855
Author(s):  
Richard E. Kravath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Similar Case ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Union City

A 5-month-old boy died of asphyxia from airway obstruction caused by his pacifier. It had been imported from Spain by La Cibeles Inc. of Union City, New Jersey, and had been marketed in New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Florida, and Puerto Rico under the brand names Fauna, Flower, Navy, and Texas. It sold for about 50 cents. It is attractive in design, but has characteristics that make it dangerous. Following our report to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission,* the pacifier was recalled. We have been able to find only one similar case in the literature.1 The unnecessary tragedy was due to a preventable hazard and both individual and governmental action should avoid its recurrence.

scholarly journals Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-680
Author(s):  
SHANE HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Agriculture

A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.

Pay Equity in Review

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Reichenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Pay Equity ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
State Legislative

This article provides an overview of pay equity as well as an update of recent developments concerning this issue. The article summarizes the arguments advanced by pay equity advocates and opponents. There is a discussion of the leading court decisions which is organized as cases brought before and after the United States Supreme Court's landmark decision in the case of County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161 (1981). The position of the Reagan Administration, as set forth by the Department of Justice and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission also is summarized. The article includes a description of the legislation pending before the 99th United States Congress along with state legislative developments. The final section of the article is a pay equity bibliography.

Trends in Surgical Management and Mortality of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the United States Before and After the STICH Trial

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Opeolu Adeoye ◽  
Andrew Ringer ◽  
Richard Hornung ◽  
Pooja Khatri ◽  
Mario Zuccarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stich Trial
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