Cephalothin: Review of Characteristics, Properties and Status of Analytical Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Aleixa do Nascimento ◽  
Ana Carolina Kogawa ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Green Analytical Chemistry ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Microbiological Assays

Abstract Background Cephalothin (CET), a first generation cephalosporin, is the most efficient cephalosporin against resistant microorganisms. Many studies found in literature and pharmacopeias proposes analytical methods and, as most commonly, HPLC and microbiological assays. Objective This paper shows a brief review of analytical method to quantify CET with a green analytical chemistry approach. Methods The research data were collected from the literature and official compendia. Results Most of the analytical methods to determine CET were performed by HPLC and agar diffusion in pharmaceuticals, blood, urine or water. Other analytical methods were found, as UV, Vis, iodometry, fluorimetry, IR/Raman, electrochemical among others, but, in less quantity. One important aspect is that these methods use organic and toxic solvents like methanol and acetonitrile, and only about 4% of the methods found uses water as solvent. Conclusions In this way, researches about analytical methods focused on green analytical chemistry for CET are of great importance and very relevant to optimize its analysis in pharmaceutical industries and to guarantee the quality of the product. More than just the development of new techniques it is possible to enhance of the ones that already exists applying the green analytical chemistry principles. In this way, it will be possible to reduce the environment impacts caused by these analytical procedures. Highlights This work shows a brief review of literature and pharmacopeias of analytical methods to quantify CET. Its quality control can be updated to meet the needs of current analytical chemistry and to fit into sustainable and eco-friendly analyzes.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Assessment of Flow and Other Analytical Methods Dedicated to the Determination of Zinc in Water

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3914
Author(s):  
Paweł Kościelniak ◽  
Paweł Mateusz Nowak ◽  
Joanna Kozak ◽  
Marcin Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Green Analytical Chemistry ◽  
General Quality ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
High Degree

An original strategy to evaluate analytical procedures is proposed and applied to verify if the flow-based methods, generally favorable in terms of green chemistry, are competitive when their evaluation also relies on other criteria. To this end, eight methods for the determination of zinc in waters, including four flow-based ones, were compared and the Red–Green–Blue (RGB) model was exploited. This model takes into account several features related to the general quality of an analytical method, namely, its analytical efficiency, compliance with the green analytical chemistry, as well as practical and economic usefulness. Amongst the investigated methods, the best was the flow-based spectrofluorimetric one, and a negative example was that one involving a flow module, ICP ionization and MS detection, which was very good in analytical terms, but worse in relation to other aspects, which significantly limits its overall potential. Good assessments were also noted for non-flow electrochemical methods, which attract attention with a high degree of balance of features and, therefore, high versatility. The original attempt to confront several worldwide accepted analytical strategies, although to some extent subjective and with limitations, provides interesting information and indications, establishing a novel direction towards the development and evaluation of analytical methods.

scholarly journals Implementing Green Analytical Methodologies Using Solid-Phase Microextraction: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5297
Author(s):  
Kayla M. Billiard ◽  
Amanda R. Dershem ◽  
Emanuela Gionfriddo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Green Analytical Chemistry

Implementing green analytical methodologies has been one of the main objectives of the analytical chemistry community for the past two decades. Sample preparation and extraction procedures are two parts of analytical method development that can be best adapted to meet the principles of green analytical chemistry. The goal of transitioning to green analytical chemistry is to establish new methods that perform comparably—or superiorly—to traditional methods. The use of assessment tools to provide an objective and concise evaluation of the analytical methods’ adherence to the principles of green analytical chemistry is critical to achieving this goal. In this review, we describe various sample preparation and extraction methods that can be used to increase the greenness of a given analytical method. We gave special emphasis to modern microextraction technologies and their important contributions to the development of new green analytical methods. Several manuscripts in which the greenness of a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was compared to other sample preparation strategies using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), a green assessment tool, were reviewed.

scholarly journals Quality and Reliability in Analytical Chemistry

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Reliability Evaluation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Undergraduate Studies ◽  
Analytical Information ◽  
Quality And Reliability

Quality and reliability are essential terms in analytical chemistry. Reliable analytical information implies quality. Maintaining the quality in time shows reliability. Evaluation of quality and reliability is essential for the validation of a new method of analysis. Learning good practice in analytical chemistry during undergraduate studies will improve the quality of the laboratories of analysis, by implementing highly reliable analytical methods.

Green analytical solutions for sample preparation: solid phase microextraction and related techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Gionfriddo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Green Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Community

AbstractFor at least three decades, the analytical chemistry community is striving to apply the principles of Green Chemistry to the development of analytical methods. Many efforts have been made to outline the concept of Green Analytical Chemistry, which helped to redefine analytical procedures and drastically changed the philosophy of analytical method development. This book chapter describes the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and various methodologies for the assessment of the greenness of analytical methods. The three main steps in the analytical method development – sample preparation, separation and detection- are described in a “green perspective”. Special emphasis is given to the description of green sample preparation procedures, in particular to Solid Phase Microextraction, that, since its introduction in 1989 by Janusz Pawliszyn, has drastically revolutionized the methodology of sample preparation, providing a convenient and green alternative to already existing methods.

Validation of analytical methods: the international requirements

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
V. B. Baranovskaya ◽  
M. Yu. Medvedevskikh
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Metrological Certification ◽  
Metrological Characteristics ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Validation And Verification ◽  
Development And Validation

Analytical method is the most important part of chemical analysis, an action guide for the analyst and carrier of information about the metrological characteristics. To confirm the parameters and legitimize the methodology, Russian specialists traditionally use the procedure of metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.563-2009. Validation of analytical procedures or analytical methods is a concept recently accepted in Russia and causes confusion in many domestic experts. However, this internationally accepted concept is actively used for long to assure the quality of chemical analysis. The European Community for Metrology in Analytical Chemistry (Eurachem) has developed a guide to validation of analytical methods «The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods»; many articles have been published on this issue. This article is devoted to generalization of the similar features and individual differences in certification, validation and verification of the methods of chemical analysis. Metrological characteristics of the analytical methods are also considered. An emphasis is made on the procedure of estimating the uncertainty as the most important stage in the development and validation of the analytical method.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RASIO ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL TERHADAP RECOVERY DAN KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK PEKTIN DARI KULIT KAKAO

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Venitalitya A. S. Augustia ◽  
Dian Ika Nugraha ◽  
Sang Kompiang Wirawan
Keyword(s):  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Equivalent Weight ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Material Preparation

Cocoa is a fruit crop which is able to be planted in tropical climate, e.g. Indonesia. Generally, people only take the flesh of cocoa fruit and the peel is removed so that it will increase the volume of waste. The cocoa peel contains useful compounds for food and pharmaceutical industries, such as pectin. Hence, a research to increase the pectin retrieval quality from cocoa peel is needed in order to utilize the useful cocoa waste. Methods used in this research is solid-liquid extraction with water as solvent in the presence of acid (HCl). The process of making pectin powder is done through several steps here: (1) Raw material preparation, (2) Pectin extraction, and (3) Analysis of pectin powder. The extraction process is done at temperature of 70℃ for 90 minutes with the pH of the solvent is 1.5. The variation is done on the ratio of volume of isopropyl alcohol to the retrieved pectin. The result of the research shows that the recovery of pectin is at its peak at 6.50% with the percentage of water at 5,82%, equivalent weight of 6454,5242, metoxyl percentage of 5,76%, galacturonate percentage of 35,45%, and esterification level of 92,31%. The best quality of pectin, determined by the highest value of characterization, is obtained when the ratio of the filtrate to the volume of isopropyl alcohol is 1:1.

scholarly journals Combining Normal/Reversed-Phase HPTLC with Univariate Calibration for the Piperine Quantification with Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Various Food Spices of Piper nigrum L. under Green Analytical Chemistry Viewpoint

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 732
Author(s):  
Mohammed H. Alqarni ◽  
Prawez Alam ◽  
Ahmed I. Foudah ◽  
Magdy M. Muharram ◽  
Faiyaz Shakeel
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Normal Phase ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Green Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Samples ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

Due to unavailability of sustainable analytical techniques for the quantitation of piperine (PPN) in food and pharmaceutical samples, there was a need to develop a rapid and sensitive sustainable analytical technique for the quantitation of PPN. Therefore, the current research presents a fast and highly sensitive normal/reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique with classical univariate calibration for the quantitation of PPN in various food spices of black pepper with traditional (TE) and ultrasound-assisted extracts (UBE) of various food spices of Piper nigrum L. under green analytical chemistry viewpoint. The amount of PPN in TE of four different spices of black pepper—namely BPMH, BPLU, BPSH, and BPPA—was found to be 309.53, 304.97, 282.82, and 232.73 mg g−1, respectively using a sustainable normal-phase HPTLC technique. However, the amount of PPN in UBE of BPMH, BPLU, BPSH, and BPPA was recorded as 318.52, 314.60, 292.41, and 241.82 mg g−1, respectively using a sustainable normal phase HPTLC technique. The greenness of normal/reversed-phase HPTLC technique was predicted using AGREE metric approach. The eco-scale was found to be 0.90, suggested excellent greenness of normal/reversed-phase technique. UBE of PPN was also found to be superior over TE of PPN. Overall, the results of this research suggested that the proposed normal/reversed-phase densitometry technique could be effectively used for the quantitation of PPN in food and pharmaceutical samples.

Reflections on FDA and WHO recommendations concerning clinical trials

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Dreyfus ◽  
D. Cremniter ◽  
J.D. Guelfi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryWe are still confronted by numerous different nosographic models and problems concerning the objective evaluation of patients progress during treatment. It is interesting to consider the consequences of this situation in psychiatry which still involves a relative diversity of practical methods used in clinical trials. The recommendations of the USA Food and Drug Administration, on the one hand, constitute a highly structured and precise reference. The World Health Organization, on the other hand, promulgates general recommendations resulting from a compromise designed to satisfy the greatest number of clinicians.Despite the apparently diverse principles and the different practical methods they propose, both those sets of recommendations have been useful in inspiring clinicians to reflect upon these different methodological approaches. The qualities of the inclusion criteria used in the study of patients and the sensitivity of the different measuring instruments have allowed psychotropic drug users as well as producers to recognize the need for a certain rigour in clinical trials.The FDA and WHO guidelines have certainly improved the quality of clinical trials in psychopharmacology. However, they also represent a source of resistance to innovation.A series of consensus meetings to first reconcile US and European points of view and later to include new techniques in the recognized sets of methods would therefore be helpful.

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