Treatment of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in wastewater by electrocatalytic oxidation: a review of anode material preparation

The research progress of electrochemical treatment of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in wastewater is reviewed in this work. Pt/Ti, RuxIryOz/Ti, IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti, PbO2/Ti, TinO2n-1, SnO2-Sb/Ti, boron-doped diamond, graphite, and particle...

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel, Perbandingan Jumlah Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Perolehan Rendemen Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam.

Aquilaria Malaccensis Lam. is one of the most popular plants contains essential oil, both of them used by pharmaceutical and also cosmetic industry. The plants used in this study came from Jambi, Indonesia which is known, It’s one of the best quality agarwood in the world. This study aims to determine the best conditions for the yield so that it can be produced on an industrial scale. The study reviewed the effect of yield based on size of particles, ratio of solvent, and the operating time, maceration. The research was carried out in three steps. The first, raw material preparation, fermentation and maceration, and then evaporation. Preparation of raw materials is prepared in three variables, 2-5 cm, ±2cm, and size <40 mesh. Methanol is the solvent that will be used in multiple ratio of solvent to agarwood, its 1:7, 1:9, and 1:11(gr/ml). In addition, the maceration time was varied for each sample, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days. Based on the research variables, obtained essential oil of agarwood dark brown in colour, with a special fragrance of agarwood. Based on the difference in particle size, it is known that size <40 mesh, yield is 3.16%, while for the larger size, 2-5 cm, the yield is 3.12%. In the variable ratio of the amount of solvent used, it is known that 1:9 (gr/ml) is the best point for yield. At maceration step known that 2-3 days, it doesn’t gives a significant change, 2.12 g for 3 days, and 1.92 g for 2 days.

Air Laut Tablet Sebagai Pupuk Organik Berbasis Cleaner Production

Pemanfaatan potensi sumber daya laut saat ini masih berpeluang besar, misalnya pemanfaatan air laut yang kaya akan bahan mineral mikro yang sangat berguna bagi kehidupan belum banyak dilakukan. Penggunaan air laut untuk pertanian sudah mulai dikembangkan, baik secara skala riset maupun aplikatif. Disisi lain Indonesia juga memiliki permasalahan yang juga menjadi isu yang sama di banyak negara yaitu isu pencemaran akibat sampah. Berdasarkan peluang potensi pemanfaatan air laut dan pemecahan permasalahan sampah organik yang ada tersebut, sangat penting untuk segera dilakukan, sebagai bentuk perwujudan dalam mendukung rencana pemerintah melaksanakan program pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam hal konservasi lingkungan berbasiskan cleaner production agar memberikan kontribusi positif bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk:menentukan pengisolasian senyawa mineral dalam tablet dan menentukan efektifitas tablet sebagai pupuk tanaman tertentu. Penelitian ini dilakukan menjadi tiga tahapan, yaitu: (1) tahap persiapan bahan, (2) tahap imobilisasi/proses pentabletan air laut, (3) tahap pengujian dan interpretasi hasil. Hasil dari penelitian didapatkan bahwa Pori – pori pada permukaan serbuk sampah organik memiliki kemampuan untuk mengadsopsi unsur-unsur mineral pada air laut. Sampah organik mengadsorpsi berbagai mineral yang terdapat pada air laut sebagai primary macronutrient, secondary macronutrient dan micro nutrient bagi tanaman. Rasio air laut yang terlalu tinggi mengakibatkan kandungan Na dan Cl semakin banyak yang teradsorpsi. Skenario air laut tablet pada sampel B, sampel C dan sampel D digunakan sebagai pupuk pada dosis 5 tablet (@500 mg) tiap 10 hari mempunyai nilai efektifitas terbaik pada sampel C dengan efektifitas pada tanaman cabai dan terong ungu sebesar 76,47% dan 80,00%. Air laut tablet dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk tanaman.ABSTRACTUtilization of the potential of marine resources currently still has great opportunities, for example, the use of seawater which is rich in micro-mineral materials that are very useful for life has not been widely carried out. The use of seawater for agriculture has begun to be developed, both on a research and application scale. The other, Indonesia also has a problem that is also the same issue in many countries, namely the issue of pollution due to waste. Based on the potential opportunities for the use of seawater and solving the existing organic waste problems, it is very important to do it immediately, as a form of realization in supporting the government's plan to implement sustainable development programs in terms of environmental conservation based on cleaner production to make a positive contribution to society and the environment. The study aims to determine the isolation of mineral compounds in tablets and determine the effectiveness of tablets as fertilizer for certain plants. This research was carried out in three stages, that consists of: (1) the material preparation stage, (2) the immobilization/seawater tabletting process, (3) the testing phase and interpretation of the results. Results showed by the pores on the surface of the organic waste powder can adsorb mineral elements in seawater. Organic waste adsorbs various minerals found in seawater as primary macronutrients, secondary macronutrients and micronutrients. The seawater ratio is too high, resulting in more Na and Cl being adsorbed. Scenario seawater tablets in sample B, sample C and sample D were used as fertilizer at a dose of 5 tablets (@500 mg) every 10 days had the best effectiveness value in sample C with the effectiveness of 76.47% and 80% on chilli and eggplant. Seawater tablets can be used as plant fertilizer.

The Relevance of Ultrastructural Studies of Metastatic Cells from Women with Breast Cancer History

The interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is determinant for metastasis success. In this study, the ultrastructural relevance of cells in the malignant pleural effusion (MPE) of women with breast cancer history was investigated. In MPE, it is possible to observe single cells and clusters. Women whose MPE presents carcinomas in aggregates have a better prognosis when compared to cases in which metastatic single cells are found. Samples were collected via fine-needle aspiration puncture (US-FNA). Subsequent to the material preparation and ultrathin cuts, they were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy (LM/TEM). LM and TEM images served as a basis for the creation of a digital sculpture using ZBrush® software. Clusters exhibited structural stability, en route vesicles allowing exocytosis of electron-dense fibrous elements, and cytoplasmic protrusions contributing to migratory and invasive skills. Single cells presented different necrotic phenotypes and many displayed leukocyte-like characteristics. Cluster cooperative relationships seem to be related to a long-term permanence in MPE. The absence of a collaborative network presumably triggers a more aggressive behavior of single cells. Its putative fusion with leukocytes can maximize the efficiency for transendothelial migration, increasing chances of metastatic success and, unfortunately, reducing survival of women with recidivism.

Valorization of Urban Street Tree Pruning Residues in Biorefineries by Steam Refining: Conversion Into Fibers, Emulsifiers, and Biogas

Street tree pruning residues are a widely available and currently undervalorized bioresource. Their utilization could help alleviate an increasing biomass shortage and offset costs of the pruning process for the municipalities. In this work, a holistic valorization pathway of pruning residues leading to fibers, oligosaccharides, biogas, and compost is presented. For this, representative mixtures of tree pruning materials from the most prevalent street tree genera (oak, linden, maple) found in Hamburg (Germany) were prepared by shredding and cleaning procedures. Collection of sample material was performed in summer and winter to account for seasonality. A steam-based fractionation was conducted using treatment severities ranging from log R0 = 2.5 to 4.0. At the highest severity, a fiber yield of around 66%, and liquor yield of 26–30% was determined. The fibers were evaluated with respect to their properties for paper product applications, with higher treatment severities leading to higher paper strengths. From the oligosaccharide-rich liquor, emulsions were created, which showed promising stability properties over 8 weeks of storage. The liquors and the rejects from the material preparation also displayed good potential for biomethane production. Overall, the differences between material collected in summer and winter were found to be small, indicating the possibility for a year-round utilization of pruning residues. For the presented utilization pathway, high severity treatments were the most promising, featuring a high liquor yield, good biomethane potential, and the highest paper strengths.

MnCo2O4/g-C3N4 composite material preparation and its capacitance performance

MnCo2O4/g-C3N4 composite material was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, compared with MnCo2O4 without g-C3N4, it has excellent electrochemical performance. The composite material can reach a specific capacitance of 350 Fg[Formula: see text] at 1 Ag[Formula: see text]. The capacity retention rate is 96% after 1000 cycles at the rate of 2 Ag[Formula: see text]. Experiments show that g-C3N4 can effectively disperse and improve the conductivity of urchin-like MnCo2O4, and the composite of sufficient g-C3N4 can give full play to the performance of urchin-like MnCo2O4, provide faster electronic transport channels, effectively improve the ion migration rate, and make urchin-like MnCo2O4 increase the rate performance under high charge and discharge rates.