scholarly journals Light Traps in Shipping Containers: A New Tool for the Early Detection of Insect Alien Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1718-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marchioro ◽  
Andrea Battisti ◽  
Massimo Faccoli
Keyword(s):  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Trap Density ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Trapping Performance ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Insects are one of the most successful groups of invasive species, and the number of new introductions has been increasing in the last decades. Insect invasions are affected mainly by the increase in international trade, as most of them travel across the world inside shipping containers. The effectiveness of sticky light traps was tested for the interception of alien pests inside the containers. The tested hypotheses were that light traps have a valuable broad-spectrum attraction and their trapping performance differs between empty or loaded containers. The optimal trap density in a container was also investigated. Trapping tests were conducted on four model species: Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Sitophilus zeamais, Motschulsky and Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were released within a standard shipping container, in either empty or loaded conditions, where sticky light traps were deployed for 15 h. Traps were tested with light on (activated) or off (control). Activated traps captured more Lepidoptera and Diptera than control ones, with no differences between empty and loaded container. Instead, Coleoptera were rarely caught, probably because of their ability to escape from traps. Results show that higher trap density in the container (from 1 to 8) increases the probability of insect capture. In conclusion, positive results on C. cautella and D. melanogaster suggest a possible application of sticky light traps against some small Lepidoptera and Diptera species flying in containers and infesting seeds, grains, and fruits, while traps need improvement for application against beetles.

scholarly journals Effect of Pheromone Blend Components, Sex Ratio, and Population Size on the Mating of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage Prabodha Sammani ◽  
Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Saman Kumara Dissanayaka ◽  
Leanage Kanaka Wolly Wijayaratne ◽  
William Robert Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Abstract The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker), a key pest of storage facilities, is difficult to manage using synthetic chemicals. Pheromone-based management methods remain a high priority due to advantages over conventional management practices, which typically use insecticides. Cadra cautella females release a blend of pheromone including (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA). The effect of these components on mating of C. cautella and how response varies with the population density and sex ratio remain unknown. In this study, the mating status of C. cautella was studied inside mating cages under different ratios of ZETA and ZTA diluted in hexane and at different population sizes either with equal or unequal sex ratio. The lowest percentage of mated females (highest mating disruption [MD] effects), corresponding to roughly 12.5%, was produced by a 5:1 and 3.3:1 ratio of ZETA:ZTA. Populations with equal sex ratio showed the lowest percentage of mated females, at 20% and 12.5% under lower and higher density, respectively. The next lowest percentage of mated females was produced when the sex ratio was set to 1: 2 and 2:1 male:female, with just 25% and 22.5% of moths mated, respectively. This study shows that mating status of C. cautella is influenced by ZETA:ZTA ratio, sex ratio, and population size. This current knowledge would have useful implications for mating disruption programs.

Three-Dimensional Orientation of Male Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Flying to Calling Females in a Windless Enviromnent

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1616-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Mankin ◽  
D. W. Hagstrum
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

scholarly journals Prediction of survival ratios of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) different life stages after treated with ultraviolet radiation in dates

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1358-1363
Author(s):  
Waleed S. Alwaneen ◽  
Mureed Husain ◽  
Khawaja G. Rasool ◽  
Mohannad A. Alwatban ◽  
Shehzad Salman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Prediction Of Survival ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Numerical Performance of Thermodynamic Behavior of Shipping-Container Architecture

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ivan Felis Enguix ◽  
Jorge Otero Vega ◽  
Sina Ellesser
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Thermodynamic Behavior ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Design Resources ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Numerical Performance ◽  
Different Climates

The reuse of shipping containers in architecture has grown in global popularity. However, few studies focus on understanding its thermodynamic behavior. The present study addresses, through numerical simulations, the transitory behavior of a typical house built with containers under different climates, both cold and warm. We examined container with different build construction and observed their effect, from completely naked to those that are coated with materials of different insulation and thermal inertia. Additionally, orientation and other design resources, such as height with respect to the ground, shadow elements, and the position of the windows, were considered. With all these multiparametric studies, quantitative conclusions were obtained that can be considered in design.

Vapor Phase Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils to Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Jin Sim ◽  
Dong-Ro Choi ◽  
Young-Joon Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Cadra Cautella ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

scholarly journals Mitigation of Tsunami Debris Impact on Reinforced Concrete Buildings by Fender Structures

Buildings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Zin Zin Tun ◽  
Anat Ruangrassamee ◽  
Qudeer Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Static Analysis ◽  
Building Capacity ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Capacity Curves ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Story Drift ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yield Force

Buildings located in coastal regions are prone to tsunami dangers, which often carry debris in the form of shipping containers and boats. This paper presents an approach for the design of fender structures to minimize debris impacts on buildings. The impact of shipping containers, which are categorized as large debris, is considered in the study. Since the weights of shipping containers are standardized, the impact energy can be related to other debris. For a fender structure, cone-type rubber fenders are used to resist the impact of the shipping container. Various fender reactions are considered as parameters to study the efficiency of the fenders. The displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis is carried out to determine the building capacity. The energy approach for shipping container impact is used to evaluate the resistance of the building. Capacity curves, energy absorptions, inter-story drift ratios of the buildings with and without a fender structure, and the efficiency of the fender are presented. The buildings with a fender structure can absorb the energy from the impact of a loaded shipping container. Conversely, the building without a fender structure cannot resist the impact of a loaded shipping container. From the obtained results, a recommendation is given for buildings with a fender structure. The hydrodynamic force on the fender structure is transferred to the main building through the fender. Hence, the yield force of the fenders affects the performance of the main building that must be considered in the design.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of a Lightweight Composite Shipping Container Made of Carbon Fiber Laminates

Logistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turkay Yildiz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
And Function

The literature indicates that a 20% reduction in the weight of empty 40-foot shipping containers would result in $28 billion of fuel savings, along with a 3.6 exajoule reduction in the energy demand over containers’ 15-year lifetime. Decreasing the energy demand and thereby greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing lightweight shipping containers has been an unexplored strategy. In this regard, this study investigates the possibility of further reducing the weight of an empty container without compromising the structural integrity, strength, and function of a traditional steel container. This research finds that up to an 80% reduction in weight is possible by producing shipping containers with composite materials. This research presents the new design of a 40-foot container made of carbon fiber laminates. The tare weight of a traditional 40-foot shipping container is around 3750 kg. On the contrary, in this research, the weight of a composite design of the same container is calculated to be around 822 kg. Additional tests with various loads, such as lifting the container and stacking loads onto the composite container, are performed to explore the strength and buckling issues of the design presented in this study. The analyses reveal that the composite shipping container is a highly promising candidate for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing fuel savings and thus reducing the operational costs of transportation.

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