scholarly journals Cross-fostering as a conservation tool to augment endangered carnivore populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041
Author(s):  
Eric M Gese ◽  
William T Waddell ◽  
Patricia A Terletzky ◽  
Chris F Lucash ◽  
Scott R McLellan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Canis Rufus ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Red Wolf ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Red Wolves ◽  
Cross Fostering

Abstract Cross-fostering offspring with nonbiological parents could prove useful to augment populations of endangered carnivores. We used cross-fostering to augment captive-born and wild-born litters for the endangered red wolf (Canis rufus). Between 1987 and 2016, 23 cross-fostering events occurred involving captive-born pups fostered into captive litters (n = 8 events) and captive-born pups fostered into wild recipient litters (n = 15 events). Percentage of pups surviving 3 and 12 months was 91.7% for captive-born pups fostered into captive recipient litters. For pups fostered into wild litters, percentage of pups surviving 5 months was > 94% among fostered pups (pups fostered into a wild red wolf litter or replaced a hybrid litter), pups in recipient litters (wild-born litters receiving fostered pups), and pups in control litters (wild-born litters not in a fostering event) when using pups with known fates. Including pups with unknown fates as deaths, percentage of pups surviving 5 months was > 54% among fostered pups, pups in recipient litters, and pups in control litters. Among wild litters, percentage of pups surviving 12 months was > 82% among fostered pups, pups in recipient litters, and pups in control litters when using pups with known fates. Including pups with unknown fates as deaths, percentage of pups surviving 12 months was > 48% among fostered pups, pups in recipient litters, and pups in control litters. Although survival to 12 months was similar among the groups, average life span was different with pups in control litters living 3.3 years, pups in recipient litters living 4.6 years, and fostered pups living 5.6 years. Of fostered pups surviving > 12 months in the wild, 9 animals whelped or sired 26 litters. Cross-fostering was successful at augmenting litter size for red wolves without any deleterious effects on recipient litters, illustrating fostering as a tool for increasing populations of endangered carnivores.

scholarly journals Wild red wolf Canis rufus poaching risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne W. Agan ◽  
Adrian Treves ◽  
Lisabeth Willey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Canis Rufus ◽  
Red Wolf ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Endangered Population ◽  
Red Wolves ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Future Population

AbstractThe reintroduced red wolf population in northeastern North Carolina declined to 7 known wolves by October 2020. Poaching (illegal killing) is the major component of verified anthropogenic mortality in this and many other carnivore populations, but it is still not well understood. Poaching is often underestimated, partly as a result of cryptic poaching, when poachers conceal evidence. Cryptic poaching inhibits our understanding of the causes and consequences of anthropogenic mortality which is important to conservation as it can inform us about future population patterns within changing political and human landscapes. We estimate risk for marked adult red wolves of 5 causes of death (COD: legal, nonhuman, unknown, vehicle and poached) and disappearance, describe variation in COD in relation to hunting season, and compare time to disappearance or death. We include unknown fates in our risk estimates. We found that anthropogenic COD accounted for 0.724 – 0.787, including cryptic and reported poaching estimated at 0.510 – 0.635 of 508 marked animals. Risk of poaching and disappearance was significantly higher during hunting season. Mean time from collaring until nonhuman COD averaged 376 days longer than time until reported poached and 642 days longer than time until disappearance. Our estimates of risk differed from prior published estimates, as expected by accounting for unknown fates explicitly. We quantify the effects on risk for three scenarios for disappearances, which span conservative to most likely COD. Implementing proven practices that prevent poaching or hasten successful reintroduction may reverse the decline to extinction in the wild of this critically endangered population. Our findings add to a growing literature on endangered species protections and enhancing the science used to measure poaching worldwide.

Amalaki as a Rasayan in Geriatric Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naina Vishwakarma
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Medical Facilities

Geriatric problems are arising much and more in the present Era. With the increase in average life-span due to medical facilities it resulted in large number of people with old age Worldwide. To overcome this Ayurved advocates healthy ageing through Rasayan Chikitsa. By proper administration of Rasayan Therapy as a preventive tool one can prevent Jarajanit(Geriatic) vyadhis. Many herbs and techniques which provide solution to ageing and their complications are described in Ayurved. The Herbs with their properties slows down the natural process of aging and help in managing geriatric problem and improving the quality of life. Here   Amalaki an Rasayan Dravya in Geriatric diseases is brought in focus.

Longevity of exercising obese hypertensive rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-637
Author(s):  
F. W. Booth ◽  
W. F. MacKenzie ◽  
M. J. Seider ◽  
E. W. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Myocardial Necrosis ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Genetically Hypertensive

The purpose of this study was to determine whether daily running lengthens the life-span of animals dying prematurely due to cardiovascular disease. We used a strain of rat that is genetically hypertensive and obese and is reported to develop atherosclerosis (Exp. Mol. Pathol. 19: 53--60, 1973). These animals were divided into three groups consisting of runners exercised daily on treadmills from an early age life, food-restricted sedentary rats, and libitum eaters that were sedentary. This latter group had significantly higher average daily food intakes and body weights than either of the other two groups. The average life-span of both sedentary groups was significantly longer than the running group. Runners had a greater frequency of focal myocardial necrosis, but atherosclerosis was absent in all three groups. We speculate that daily running may have accentuated the development of factor s that may have contributed to the early death of runners.

DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 2156-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Wilson ◽  
Sonya Grewal ◽  
Ian D Lawford ◽  
Jennifer NM Heal ◽  
Angela G Granacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Canis Rufus ◽  
Red Wolf ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Original Species ◽  
Dna Profiles ◽  
Microsatellite Alleles ◽  
Red Wolves

The origin and taxonomy of the red wolf (Canis rufus) have been the subject of considerable debate and it has been suggested that this taxon was recently formed as a result of hybridization between the coyote and gray wolf. Like the red wolf, the eastern Canadian wolf has been characterized as a small "deer-eating" wolf that hybridizes with coyotes (Canis latrans). While studying the population of eastern Canadian wolves in Algonquin Provincial Park we recognized similarities to the red wolf, based on DNA profiles at 8 microsatellite loci. We examined whether this relationship was due to similar levels of introgressed coyote genetic material by comparing the microsatellite alleles with those of other North American populations of wolves and coyotes. These analyses indicated that it was not coyote genetic material which led to the close genetic affinity between red wolves and eastern Canadian wolves. We then examined the control region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and confirmed the presence of coyote sequences in both. However, we also found sequences in both that diverged by 150 000 - 300 000 years from sequences found in coyotes. None of the red wolves or eastern Canadian wolf samples from the 1960s contained gray wolf (Canis lupus) mtDNA sequences. The data are not consistent with the hypothesis that the eastern Canadian wolf is a subspecies of gray wolf as it is presently designated. We suggest that both the red wolf and the eastern Canadian wolf evolved in North America sharing a common lineage with the coyote until 150 000 - 300 000 years ago. We propose that it retain its original species designation, Canis lycaon.

Carnosine, the Protective, Anti-aging Peptide

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Boldyrev ◽  
Steven Ch. Gallant ◽  
Gennady T. Sukhich
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Control Strain ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Behavioral Parameters ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mice

Carnosine attenuates the development of senile features when used as a supplement to a standard diet of senescence accelerated mice (SAM). Its effect is apparent on physical and behavioral parameters and on average life span. Carnosine has a similar effect on mice of the control strain, but this is less pronounced due to the non-accelerated character of their senescence processes.

Women in the Shari῾a court records of Ottoman Damascus

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Karim Rafeq
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Christian Women ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Deceased People

Qassam registers give detailed information about the estates of deceased people, the size of their households, the number of times they were married, the number of children, and the male-female ratio of minors and adults. The estates of deceased Christians in Damascus are reported more frequently in nineteenth-century qassam registers due to the application of the Tanzimat which advocated equality among all subjects and the tolerance shown towards the Christians by Egyptian rule in Syria in the 1830s. The registers indicate that monogamy was dominant in Damascus due to a low-to-average life-span. Marriage patterns and the composition of the estates of deceased women and men are examined in six qassam registers spanning a period of over a century (1750-1861). The establishment of religious endowments (vakıf) by Muslim and Christian women, and the varying titles given to these women in the court records are also discussed.

scholarly journals Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: the importance of survival to maturity

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1159-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián A. Pardo ◽  
Holly K. Kindsvater ◽  
John D. Reynolds ◽  
Nicholas K. Dulvy
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Demographic Parameter ◽  
Average Life Span

The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase (rmax) is a commonly estimated demographic parameter used in assessments of extinction risk. In teleosts, rmax can be calculated using an estimate of spawners per spawner, but for chondrichthyans, most studies have used annual reproductive output (b) instead. This is problematic as it effectively assumes all juveniles survive to maturity. Here, we propose an updated rmax equation that uses a simple mortality estimator that also accounts for survival to maturity: the reciprocal of average life-span. For 94 chondrichthyans, we now estimate that rmax values are on average 10% lower than previously published. Our updated rmax estimates are lower than previously published for species that mature later relative to maximum age and those with high annual fecundity. The most extreme discrepancies in rmax values occur in species with low age at maturity and low annual reproductive output. Our results indicate that chondrichthyans that mature relatively later in life, and to a lesser extent those that are highly fecund, are less resilient to fishing than previously thought.

scholarly journals Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Northwestern India ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Abstract Z. spina-christi is a widespread drought-tolerant tree of the Middle East, northeastern Africa and northwestern India. More formally, its distribution is sub-Sudano-Decanian, with penetrations into the Saharo-Sindian and adjacent Afro-tropical regions. When fully grown, it is a stately tree with an oval, intricately branched crown providing shade, but under the effects of ill-management and excessive browsing, it often occurs as a shrub. Average life span is reported to be 50-75 years (Vashishtha, 1997).

scholarly journals Radioprotective Properties of Cumaside, a Complex of Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria Japonica and Cholesterol

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100600
Author(s):  
Dmitry L. Aminin ◽  
Tatiana S. Zaporozhets ◽  
Pelageya V. Adryjashchenko ◽  
Sergey A. Avilov ◽  
Vladimir I. Kalinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Peripheral Blood Cell ◽  
Triterpene Glycosides ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Radioprotective Properties ◽  
Cucumaria Japonica

The radioprotective activity has been studied of a new immunomodulatory lead material, Cumaside, which is a complex of monosulfated triterpene glycosides from the edible sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica and cholesterol. Female CD-1 strain mice administered with prophylactic doses of Cumaside were irradiated using a Gamma-therapeutic device with a 60Co source (exposure dose 6.5 Gy, dose rate 1.14 Gy /min) and the average life span of the mice was determined. The animals administrated with Cumaside and irradiated were killed by pervisceral dislocation on days 4 and 9. Peripheral blood cell composition indexes, blood forming function and cell number in blood-forming organs and the number of pluripotent blood-forming stem cells were determined using standard procedures and the results compared with those of non-treated irradiated mice. The survivability percentage and average life span of the irradiated mice that were not treated with Cumaside were decreased in comparison with the Cumaside-treated groups. Especially, the leukocyte and neutrophil numbers in the blood (bone marrow from hip), and the weight and cell number of lymphoid organs were higher in the Cumaside-treated groups compared with the non-treated irradiated mice. It was concluded that at low prophylactic doses Cumaside possesses moderate radioprotective properties.

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