scholarly journals Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Taxonomy, Genomics, and Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Ciota
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Midwest United States ◽  
Culiseta Melanura ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts

Abstract Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; Togaviridae, Alphavirus) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) primarily maintained in an enzootic cycle between Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) and passerine birds. EEEV, which has the highest reported case- fatality rate among arbovirus in the Americas, is responsible for sporadic outbreaks in the Eastern and Midwest United States. Infection is associated with severe neurologic disease and mortality in horses, humans, and other vertebrate hosts. Here, we review what is known about EEEV taxonomy, functional genomics, and evolution, and identify gaps in knowledge regarding the role of EEEV genetic diversity in transmission and disease.

scholarly journals Active Circulation of Madariaga Virus, a Member of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Complex, in Northeast Brazil

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 983
Author(s):  
Laura H. V. G. Gil ◽  
Tereza Magalhaes ◽  
Beatriz S. A. S. Santos ◽  
Livia V. Oliveira ◽  
Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

Madariaga virus (MADV) is a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex that circulates in Central and South America. It is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne pathogen, belonging to the family Togaviridae. Disturbances in the natural transmission cycle of this virus result in outbreaks in equines and humans, leading to high case fatality in the former and acute febrile illness or neurological disease in the latter. Although a considerable amount of knowledge exists on the eco-epidemiology of North American EEEV strains, little is known about MADV. In Brazil, the most recent isolations of MADV occurred in 2009 in the States of Paraíba and Ceará, northeast Brazil. Because of that, health authorities have recommended vaccination of animals in these regions. However, in 2019 an equine encephalitis outbreak was reported in a municipality in Ceará. Here, we present the isolation of MADV from two horses that died in this outbreak. The full-length genome of these viruses was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses performed. Pathological findings from postmortem examination are also discussed. We conclude that MADV is actively circulating in northeast Brazil despite vaccination programs, and call attention to this arbovirus that likely represents an emerging pathogen in Latin America.

scholarly journals Trajectory analysis of winds and eastern equine encephalitis in USA, 1980–5

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sellers ◽  
A. R. Maarouf
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Culiseta Melanura ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Coquillettidia Perturbans

SUMMARYBackward trajectories of winds were determined to identify possible sources of eastern equine encephalitis virus associated with isolation of virus from mosquitoes or birds or outbreaks in horses between 1980 and 1985 in Maryland, New Jersey, New York and Michigan, USA.The results of the trajectory analyses suggested that eastern equine encephalitis virus could have been carried by infected mosquitoes on surface winds at temperatures 13 °C or higher from North Carolina north-eastwards along the Atlantic Coast to Maryland and New Jersey and thence to upstate New York and from western Kentucky to Michigan. Landing of mosquitoes was associated with the presence of a cold front and rain leading to variations in the location and timing of outbreaks from year to year. The mosquito responsible was most likely to have been Culiseta melanura, but Coquillettidia perturbans and Aedes sollicitans could also have been involved.There may be a continual cycle of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and birds in south-eastern USA, from where the virus could be distributed by infected mosquitoes on the wind along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and up the Mississippi Valley.

scholarly journals Vector-Host Interactions of Culiseta melanura in a Focus of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Southeastern Virginia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0136743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goudarz Molaei ◽  
Philip M. Armstrong ◽  
Charles F. Abadam ◽  
Karen I. Akaratovic ◽  
Jay P. Kiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Culiseta Melanura ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Virus Activity

scholarly journals Mosquito-transmitted Highlands J virus in Florida

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2004 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Roxanne Rutledge-Connelly
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Extension ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Culiseta Melanura ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Agricultural Sciences

Highlands J virus (HJ) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is similar to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) in its natural cycle; it is transmitted from Culiseta melanura mosquitoes to songbirds in freshwater swamps. It has a low pathogenicity in mammals and is rarely seen in humans or horses. There have been outbreaks reported in penned birds but the symptoms are mild compared to EEE. This document is Fact Sheet ENY-720, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Serivce, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Date first published: October 2004.  ENY720/IN515: Mosquito-Transmitted Highlands J Virus in Florida (ufl.edu)

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