Minimum Dietary Essential Amino Acid-to-total Nitrogen Ratio for Whole Egg Protein Fed to Young Men

ABSTRACTBackgroundTea, a commonly consumed beverage, contains high amounts of polyphenols that can impair protein digestibility, as demonstrated in vitro. There are no human studies examining the inhibitory influence of tea polyphenols (TPP) on high-quality protein digestibility.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of black tea on the true indispensable amino acid (IAA) digestibility of whole boiled egg protein, in healthy adult humans, through use of a dual isotope tracer approach.MethodsThe effect of black TPP (4.6 mg/mL, ingested as a beverage with the meal) on 2H-labeled whole boiled egg protein, administered with ghee rice and tomato curry, was measured with reference to 13C-spirulina protein in healthy Indian adults aged 20–27 y of both sexes with BMI of 22.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2. The results were then compared to previously determined whole egg mean IAA digestibility measured by the same method, without black tea, in the same subjects (n = 5). To correct for any independent effect of TPP on spirulina protein (used as a standard protein), the true IAA digestibility of 13C-spirulina protein was independently measured with reference to a 2H-amino acid mixture, with and without co-ingestion of black tea, in 3 of the same subjects.ResultsThe true IAA digestibility of whole boiled egg protein significantly decreased by 17% when co-ingested with black tea. However, there was no significant reduction in the true IAA digestibility of spirulina protein when co-ingested with black tea.ConclusionsTPP protein interactions reduced whole egg digestibility in healthy Indian adults but had minimal effect on spirulina protein digestibility. In populations who are at risk of dietary quality protein inadequacy, the consumption of tea during or after a meal can further increase the risk of inadequacy. This trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry of India (http://ctri.nic.in) as CTRI/2018/03/012265.

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Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys of Diets Containing Supplemental Amino Acids

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1975.41.3.683 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 683-689

Author(s):

Samuel N. Craddock ◽

Arthur J. Riopelle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

Egg Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Whole Egg

Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly ( p < .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.

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The N Balance Index of Low-Valine Amino Acid Mixtures and of Whole Egg Protein in the Adult Rat

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/41.4.607 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 607-618

Author(s):

E. S. Nasset ◽

Joseph T. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

N Balance ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Egg Protein ◽

Amino Acid Mixtures ◽

Whole Egg ◽

Balance Index

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A comparison of the gastrointestinal tract in germ-free and conventional mice fed an amino acid mixture or purified whole-egg protein.

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology ◽

10.3177/jnsv.26.435 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 435-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masanori YAMANAKA ◽

Tatsuji NOMURA ◽

Junko TOKIOKA ◽

Masao KAMETAKA

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Amino Acid Mixture ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

Germ Free ◽

Egg Protein ◽

Whole Egg

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NITROGEN BALANCES OF YOUNG MEN FED SELECTED AMINO ACID PATTERNS: I. FAO REFERENCE PATTERN, A MODIFICATION OF THE FAO REFERENCE PATTERN, AND WHEAT FLOUR PATTERN

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o64-155 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

pp. 1437-1444 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Johnnie H. Watts ◽

Bernadine Tolbert ◽

Willie L. Ruff

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Young Men ◽

Wheat Protein ◽

Reference Pattern ◽

Total N ◽

Positive Balance ◽

Protein Group ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

Nitrogen balances were determined for six young men fed three amino acid patterns: the FAO reference pattern, a modification of the FAO pattern in which methionine was decreased and phenylalanine increased isonitrogenously, and the wheat pattern. Total N intake was approximately 10 g. The lowest intakes of the FAO reference pattern amino acids found to be adequate for the support of N equilibrium or positive N balance contained 320 mg tryptophan in the case of two subjects, 280 mg tryptophan for three subjects, and 240 mg tryptophan for one subject. Comparison of group mean N retentions for the FAO and the modified FAO patterns indicated that the two patterns were of equal value. When the FAO reference and wheat patterns were fed to provide comparable amounts of lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat protein, group mean N retentions were 0.42 and 0.41 g, respectively. When the same two patterns were fed to provide an equivalent amount of essential amino acid N and the chief source of amino acids was intact wheat protein, group mean N retentions were 0.62 g for the FAO reference pattern, and 0.41 g for the wheat pattern; statistically, this difference is not significant. From 0.63 to 0.84 g essential amino acid N provided as FAO reference pattern was adequate to maintain N equilibrium or a slight positive balance.

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Aging differentially affects human skeletal muscle microRNA expression at rest and after an anabolic stimulus of resistance exercise and essential amino acids

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.90562.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 295 (6) ◽

pp. E1333-E1340 ◽

Cited By ~ 127

Author(s):

Micah J. Drummond ◽

John J. McCarthy ◽

Christopher S. Fry ◽

Karyn A. Esser ◽

Blake B. Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Mirna Expression ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Human Skeletal Muscle ◽

Age Groups ◽

Young Men ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Before And After

Sarcopenia, skeletal muscle loss during aging, is associated with increased falls, fractures, morbidity, and loss of independence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are novel posttranscriptional regulators. The role of miRNAs in cell size regulation after an anabolic stimulus in human skeletal muscle is unknown. We hypothesized that aging would be associated with a differential expression of skeletal muscle primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) and mature miRNA (miR). To test this hypothesis, we used real-time PCR and immunoblotting before and after an anabolic stimulus (resistance exercise + ingestion of a 20-g leucine-enriched essential amino acid solution) to measure the expression of muscle-specific miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206), upstream regulators (MyoD and myogenin), and downstream targets [insulin-like growth factor-I, histone deacetylase-4, myocyte enhancing factor-2, and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb)] in skeletal muscle of young and older men. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and 3 and 6 h after exercise. At baseline, we found pri-miRNA-1-1, -1-2, -133a-1, and -133a-2 expression elevated in older compared with young men ( P < 0.05). Pri-miRNA-1-2, -133a-1, and -133a-2 were reduced at 6 h after exercise only in the young men compared with baseline, whereas pri-miRNA-206 was elevated at different postexercise time points in older and young men ( P < 0.05). Compared with baseline, miR-1 was reduced only in the young men, whereas Rheb protein was increased in both age groups after the anabolic stimulus ( P < 0.05). We conclude that skeletal muscle primary and mature miRNA expression in young men is readily altered by an anabolic stimulus of resistance exercise + essential amino acid ingestion. However, aging is associated with higher basal skeletal muscle primary miRNA expression and a dysregulated miRNA response after the anabolic stimulus.

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Dietary intake of tryptophan tied emotion-related impulsivity in humans

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000608 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florian Javelle ◽

Descartes Li ◽

Philipp Zimmer ◽

Sheri L. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Food Intake ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Food Habits ◽

Psychological Disorder ◽

Serotonin Synthesis ◽

Amino Acid Tryptophan ◽

Pass Through ◽

Three Factor

Abstract. Emotion-related impulsivity, defined as the tendency to say or do things that one later regret during periods of heightened emotion, has been tied to a broad range of psychopathologies. Previous work has suggested that emotion-related impulsivity is tied to an impaired function of the serotonergic system. Central serotonin synthesis relies on the intake of the essential amino acid, tryptophan and its ability to pass through the blood brain barrier. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between emotion-related impulsivity and tryptophan intake. Methods: Undergraduate participants (N = 25, 16 women, 9 men) completed a self-rated measure of impulsivity (Three Factor Impulsivity Index, TFI) and daily logs of their food intake and exercise. These data were coded using the software NutriNote to evaluate intakes of tryptophan, large neutral amino acids, vitamins B6/B12, and exercise. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that higher tryptophan intake was associated with significantly lower scores on two out of three subscales of the TFI, Pervasive Influence of Feelings scores r = –.502, p < . 010, and (lack-of) Follow-Through scores, r = –.407, p < . 050. Conclusion: Findings provide further evidence that emotion-related impulsivity is correlated to serotonergic indices, even when considering only food habits. It also suggests the need for more research on whether tryptophan supplements might be beneficial for impulsive persons suffering from a psychological disorder.

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