scholarly journals Early Life Child Micronutrient Status, Maternal Reasoning, and a Nurturing Household Environment have Persistent Influences on Child Cognitive Development at Age 5 years: Results from MAL-ED

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (8) ◽  
pp. 1460-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J J McCormick ◽  
Stephanie A Richard ◽  
Laura E Caulfield ◽  
Laura L Pendergast ◽  
Jessica C Seidman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cognitive Reasoning ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Child Cognitive Development

ABSTRACT Background Child cognitive development is influenced by early-life insults and protective factors. To what extent these factors have a long-term legacy on child development and hence fulfillment of cognitive potential is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relation between early-life factors (birth to 2 y) and cognitive development at 5 y. Methods Observational follow-up visits were made of children at 5 y, previously enrolled in the community-based MAL-ED longitudinal cohort. The burden of enteropathogens, prevalence of illness, complementary diet intake, micronutrient status, and household and maternal factors from birth to 2 y were extensively measured and their relation with the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scales of Intelligence at 5 y was examined through use of linear regression. Results Cognitive T-scores from 813 of 1198 (68%) children were examined and 5 variables had significant associations in multivariable models: mean child plasma transferrin receptor concentration (β: −1.81, 95% CI: −2.75, −0.86), number of years of maternal education (β: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.45), maternal cognitive reasoning score (β: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.15), household assets score (β: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.04), and HOME child cleanliness factor (β: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.15). In multivariable models, the mean rate of enteropathogen detections, burden of illness, and complementary food intakes between birth and 2 y were not significantly related to 5-y cognition. Conclusions A nurturing home context in terms of a healthy/clean environment and household wealth, provision of adequate micronutrients, maternal education, and cognitive reasoning have a strong and persistent influence on child cognitive development. Efforts addressing aspects of poverty around micronutrient status, nurturing caregiving, and enabling home environments are likely to have lasting positive impacts on child cognitive development.

Patterns of Early-Life Social and Environmental Exposures and Child Cognitive Development, Rhea Birth Cohort, Crete, Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariza Kampouri ◽  
Andriani Kyriklaki ◽  
Theano Roumeliotaki ◽  
Katerina Koutra ◽  
Despoina Anousaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Child Cognitive Development

Factors Influencing Dietary Diversity in Infants in India: Study Undertaken in Two Districts

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Prerna Makkar ◽  
◽  
Candice S. Vianna ◽  
Karishma Vats ◽  
Pankhuri Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
Gender Of Child

Adequate feeding practices in early life have a lasting impact on child nutrition and development. This paper examines the dietary diversity and its associated factors among children aged 6-12 months, in the age that they transition from breastfeeding to complementary feeding, in two districts in India: Udupi (Karnataka) and Sambalpur (Odisha). In 2019, a citizen-led survey, that can be scaled up further very rapidly and cost-effectively, was conducted covering 976 mothers of children below 1 year of age by 90 trained local volunteers. The survey tool uses the Knowledge, Access and Practices Framework and was developed, tested and refined over 4 years through diverse pilots in various locations in India. In the sample, only 12% children aged 6-12 months met the WHO’s minimum dietary diversity requirement. A linear probability regression model was used to assess significant factors for an adequate diversified diet intake in infants. Maternal education, child’s age and meal frequency were found to be significantly associated with dietary diversity. Other factors such as household wealth, gender of child, birth order and homegrown gardens did not present a strong association. Integrated interventions targeted at mothers and children that include nutrition education components into mothers’ education are more likely to be effective in improving infant dietary diversity.

scholarly journals Food Should not be Forgotten: Impacts of Combined Cash Transfer Receipt and Food Security on Child Education and Cognition in South Africa and Malawi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Sherr ◽  
Kathryn J. Roberts ◽  
Mark Tomlinson ◽  
Sarah Skeen ◽  
Helen Mebrahtu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Child Cognitive Development ◽  
Cash Grant

AbstractSocial protection can take many forms. Both cash transfers and food security may have important contributions to child cognitive development. This study examines the potential impact of combinations of cash transfers and food security status on child cognitive development and educational outcomes. Cross-sectional data for 796 HIV-affected children in the Child Community Care study were utilised for this analysis. Children and caregivers completed interview schedules comprised of standardised items on socio-demographics, household data, cash grant receipt and food security status, school achievement, and cognition. A series of logistic and linear regression models and marginal effects analyses were undertaken to explore the impacts of differing levels of social protection (none; either cash grant receipt or food secure status or, both in combination) on child educational and cognitive outcomes. Although all children lived in poverty-stricken households, 20% (157/796) of children did not live in a household in receipt of a cash grant and did not report food security; 32.4% (258/796) reported either component of social protection and, 47.9% (381/796) received both measures of social protection in combination. Compared to no social protection, being in receipt of either component of social protection was found to be significantly associated with being in the correct class for age, higher scores of non-verbal cognition, and higher working memory scores. Receiving both social protection measures in combination was found to be significantly associated with reduced educational risk scores, improved odds of being in the correct class for age, regular school attendance, missing less than a week of school in the previous two weeks, higher scores on measures of nonverbal cognition, higher working memory scores, and learning new things more easily. Educational and cognitive outcomes for children can be bolstered by social protection measures (cash grant receipt or food security). Benefits are enhanced when social protection is received in combination. Such findings support the notion of synergistic social protection responses for children living in environments impacted by high levels of HIV burden and deprivation.

scholarly journals 207 Maternal Fatty Acids Intake During Pregnancy and Later Child Cognitive Development in the Eden Mother-Child Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A60-A60
Author(s):  
J. Bernard ◽  
M. d. Agostini ◽  
A. Forhan ◽  
V. Champion ◽  
M. Kaminski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Cognitive Development

scholarly journals Trends in stunting and overweight in Peruvian pre-schoolers from 1991 to 2011: findings from the Demographic and Health Surveys

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2407-2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Bjørnøy Urke ◽  
Maurice B Mittelmark ◽  
Martín Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Low Educated

AbstractObjectiveTo examine trends in stunting and overweight in Peruvian children, using 2006 WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study criteria.DesignTrend analyses using nationally representative cross-sectional surveys from Demographic and Health Surveys (1991–2011). We performed logistic regression analyses of stunting and overweight trends in sociodemographic groups (sex, age, urban–rural residence, region, maternal education and household wealth), adjusted for sampling design effects (strata, clusters and sampling weights).SettingPeru.SubjectsChildren aged 0–59 months surveyed in 1991–92 (n 7999), 1996 (n 14 877), 2000 (n 11 754), 2007–08 (n 8232) and 2011 (n 8186).ResultsChild stunting declined (F(1, 5149) = 174·8, P ≤ 0·00) and child overweight was stable in the period 1991–2011 (F(1, 5147) = 0·4, P ≤ 0·54). Over the study period, levels of stunting were highest in rural compared with urban areas, the Andean and Amazon regions compared with the Coast, among children of low-educated mothers and among children living in households in the poorest wealth quintile. The trend in overweight rose among males in coastal areas (F(1, 2250) = 4·779, P ≤ 0·029) and among males in the richest wealth quintile (F(1, 1730) = 5·458, P ≤ 0·020).ConclusionsThe 2011 levels of stunting and overweight were eight times and three and a half times higher, respectively, than the expected levels from the 2006 WHO growth standards. The trend over the study period in stunting declined in most sociodemographic subgroups. The trend in overweight was stable in most sociodemographic subgroups.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Gaps in Breastfeeding Practices: Evidence From Lao People’s Democratic Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordyn T. Wallenborn ◽  
Camille B. Valera ◽  
Sengchanh Kounnavong ◽  
Somphou Sayasone ◽  
Peter Odermatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lao People’S Democratic Republic ◽  
Lao People's Democratic Republic ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Residences

Objectives: Breastfeeding rates are decreasing rapidly in many low and middle-income countries, disproportionately affecting urban residences. We use data from Lao People’s Democratic Republic to identify primary mechanisms underlying the urban-rural gap in breastfeeding practices.Methods: We used data from the 2017 Lao Social Indicator Survey II. Residence was categorized as large-urban (>1 million), small-urban (<1 Million), and rural. Multivariable logistic regression provided odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to identify factors attributing to the urban-rural differences in complying with World Health Organization’s breastfeeding recommendations for children <24 months.Results: Mothers in large-urban residences had 3.78 (95% confidence intervals: 1.19, 11.95) and 4.67 (95% CI: 2.30, 9.46) higher odds of non-compliance with exclusive and complementary breastfeeding recommendations, respectively, than mothers living in rural areas in bivariate models. Breastfeeding differentials between small urban and rural residences were largely explained by differences in maternal education and household wealth.Conclusion: Results of our paper suggest large disparities in breastfeeding practices between large-urban, small-urban, and rural residences.

scholarly journals The trend of full vaccination coverage in infants and inequalities by wealth quintile and maternal education: Analysis from four recent Demographic and Health Surveys in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Acharya ◽  
Yuba Raj Paudel ◽  
Dinesh Dharel
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Despite policy intention to reach disadvantaged populations, inequalities in child health care use and health outcomes persist in Nepal. The current study aimed to investigate the trend of full vaccination coverage among infants and its equity gaps between Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2001 and 2016.Methods Using data from NDHS conducted in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016, we investigated the trend of coverage of six antigens:Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus (DPT), Polio, and Measles during their infancy among children aged 12-23 months. We presented trends and correlates of vaccination coverage by different socio-demographic factors. We measured inequalities in full vaccination coverage by wealth quintile and maternal education using absolute measure (slope index of inequality) and relative measures (Relative index of inequality, concentration index) of inequalities.Results Full immunization coverage among infants steadily increased from 65.6% in 2001 to 87.0% in 2011; however, it decreased to 77.8% in 2016. Province 2 had a significantly lower full vaccination coverage compared to Province1.Although decreasing over time, there were significant inequalities by household wealth quintiles and maternal educational status. The slope index of inequality (SII) for wealth quintiles decreased from -32.3 [-45.5,-19.1] in 2001 to an SII of-8.4 [-18.6,-1.7] in 2016. Similarly, the SII for education decreased from -61.8 [-73.5,-50.1] in 2001 to an SII of -30.5 [-40.7,-20.2] in 2016. Similarly, the relative index of inequality (RII) also showed an improvement over time, indicating the narrowing equity gap. Additionally, concentration index on full immunization coverage by wealth quintiles dropped from 0.21 (0.12-0.28) in 2001 to 0.054 (-0.01-0.12) in 2016. Absolute and relative inequalities were persistently larger by maternal educational status compared to household wealth quintiles throughout the study period.Conclusion Full vaccination coverage in Nepal increased from 2001 until 2011 but saw a significant decrement away from the national target after 2011. However, the equity gap by household wealth quintile and maternal education status has narrowed over time. National Immunization programs need to give higher emphasis to infants born to mothers with less education, those born in the poorer wealth quintile households, and those living in Province 2.

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