Effects of calorie intake and sampling time on thyroid stimulating hormone concentration

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effects of blood collected after calorie intake on the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), comparing with the blood collected in fasting state.MethodsThis study was a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Subjects from the outpatients in the department of endocrinology without evident of thyroid diseases were included and then randomized into the fasting group, diet intake group, and glucose intake group, respectively. Fasting blood was collected from all the subjects at 7:00 am for the measurement of TSH and free thyroxine (FT4). Afterward, the subjects were maintained at fasting state (fasting group), had an intake of the mixed diet with the calories of 400 Kcal (diet intake group), and had an intake of 75 g glucose (glucose intake group), respectively, and blood was acquired again 2 h later (9:00 am on the same day) for TSH and FT4 measurement. The levels between 7:00 am and 9:00 am were compared.ResultsOf the 150 subjects, 146 met the inclusion criteria, of which 48, 48, and 50 were in the diet intake group, glucose intake group, and fasting group, respectively. The TSH in the diet intake group was significantly lower at 9:00 am (TSH9am) than the level at 2h before (TSH7am) (P<0.001), of which the median variation was -0.71 mU/L, and the median variation rate was -32.4%. In the glucose intake group, the TSH9am was also significantly lower than TSH7am (P<0.001), of which the median variation was -0.73 mU/L, and median variation rate was -31.5%. While in the fasting group, the TSH9am decreased slightly but statistically significantly lower than TSH7am (P<0.001), of which the median variation was -0.1 mU/L, and the median variation rate was -5.2%. According to TSH7am, 9 subjects in total (3 subjects in each group) met the diagnostic criteria of subclinical hypothyroidism. However, according toTSH9am, only 2 patients in the fasting group still met the diagnostic criteria of subclinical hypothyroidism.ConclusionComparing with the fasting state, the TSH level at 2h after the calorie intake was decreased by about 30%, which could influence the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism.Trial registrationChiCTR2100047454.

Rethinking Carbohydrate Intake and Time in Range in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between macronutrient intake and time in range (TIR) of 70–180 mg/dL in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A multi-center study recruited patients with T1D using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) between January 2019 and January 2020 from centers across Italy. Diet intake was recorded using three-day weighed food diaries. Nutrients were evaluated as percentages of total intake. TIR was considered at target if the percentage of readings was higher than 70%. Clinical and nutritional factors associated with TIR at target were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis and multiple logistic regression. Data from 197 participants (53% male, median age 11.6 years, median HbA1c 55.2 mmol/mol, median TIR 60%) were analyzed. Macronutrient intake was 45.9% carbohydrates, 16.9% protein, 37.3% fat, and 13.1 g/day fiber (median values). TIR > 70% was observed in 28% of participants; their diet contained more protein (17.6%, p = 0.015) and fiber (14.4 g/day, p = 0.031) than those not at target. The probability of having a TIR > 70% was significantly higher with 40–44% consumption of carbohydrates compared with 45–50% consumption of carbohydrates and with the use of a carbohydrate counting system. Based on these results, a five percent reduction in the percentage of carbohydrate intake can help children and adolescents with T1D achieve the goal of a TIR > 70%. Both a lower and higher percentage of carbohydrate intake appears to reduce the probability of reaching the target TIR > 70%. These results require validation in other populations before being used in clinical practice.

A systematic review update of athletes’ nutrition knowledge and association with dietary intake

Athletes’ dietary intakes sometimes do not meet sports nutrition guidelines. Nutrition knowledge (NK) is one factor that may influence dietary intake, but NK measurement tools are often outdated or unvalidated, and results regarding athletes’ NK are equivocal. The aims of this systematic review were to update previous systematic reviews by examining athletes’ NK and to assess the relationship between athletes’ general NK, sport NK and dietary intake. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched for studies published between November 2015 and November 2020, that provided a quantitative measure of NK and described the NK tool used. Twenty-eight studies were included; study quality was assessed using JBI checklists and data on NK score, diet intake was extracted. Eight studies utilised validated, up-to-date NK measurement tools. Mean general and sport NK% scores varied between 40.2% ± 12.4 and 70 % ± 9. Mean protein and carbohydrate consumption were 1.1-3.4 g/kg.bw/day and 2.4-4.6 g/kg.bw/day, respectively. Weak-to-moderate, positive associations were found between NK and positive dietary behaviours. Due to a wide variety of NK measurement tools used, it is difficult to synthesise results to determine overall NK in athletes. Overall, there appears to be a low standard of knowledge. Quality of measurement tools for NK has improved but remains an issue. Future studies should use relevant, current validated NK tools, or validate tools in their study population. More research is needed into the relationship between NK and other modifiable factors influencing dietary intake.

THE STUDY OF AHAR MATRA W.S.R. TO JATHARAGNI AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN CASE HISTORY

In the present era, many diseases are occurring due to faulty dietary habits i.e. excessive or less diet intake. Consid- ering these conditions, Matravat Ahar (proper quantity of diet) is important in the case history of particular Vyadhi (disease). Ayurved suggests taking matravat ahar. Ahar Matra (quantity of diet) depends on Jatharagni Bala, that’s why it varies from person to person. Ahar Matra is of two types i.e. Samyak Matra (appropriate quantity) and Amatra (inappropriate), in which Amatra causes various diseases. Again, Amatra is of two types i.e. Heen Matra (deficient quantity) and Atimatra (excessive quantity). Heen Matra is the main cause of Vata Vikara (diseases of vata dosha) and Atimatra particularly causes Aampradoshaj Vikar (diseases due to aama). So detailed study of Ahar Matra is important while taking the case history of the patient. So that this attempt has been made to find out the concept of Samyak Ahar Matra explained in Ayurveda w.s.r. to Jatharagni (digestive fire) and its importance in the case history. Keywords: Matravat Ahar, Samyak Matra, Amatra, Heen Matra, Atimatra Jatharagni Bala, Aampradoshaj Vikar

Ruminant fat intake improves gut microbiota, serum inflammatory parameter and fatty acid profile in tissues of Wistar rats

This study tested the hypothesis that naturally and industrially produced trans-fatty acids can exert distinct effects on metabolic parameters and on gut microbiota of rats. Wistar rats were randomized into three groups according to the diet: CONT-control, with 5% soybean oil and normal amount of fat; HVF-20% of hydrogenated vegetable fat (industrial); and RUM-20% of ruminant fat (natural). After 53 days of treatment, serum biochemical markers, fatty acid composition of liver, heart and adipose tissue, histology and hepatic oxidative parameters, as well as gut microbiota composition were evaluated. HVF diet intake reduced triglycerides (≈ 39.39%) and VLDL levels (≈ 39.49%). Trans-fatty acids levels in all tissue were higher in HVF group. However, RUM diet intake elevated amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (≈ 14.7%) compared to CONT, but not to HVF. Furthermore, RUM intake led to higher concentrations of stearic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in all tissue; this particular diet was associated with a hepatoprotective effect. The microbial gut communities were significantly different among the groups. Our results show that ruminant fat reversed the hepatic steatosis normally caused by high fat diets, which may be related to the remodelling of the gut microbiota and its anti-inflammatory potential.

Genetic, metabolic, and molecular insights into the diverse outcomes of diet-induced obesity in mice

Overweight and obesity are increasingly common public health issues worldwide, leading to a wide range of diseases from metabolic syndrome to steatohepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. While the increase in the prevalence of obesity is partly attributable to changes in lifestyle (i.e. increased sedentarity and changes in eating behaviour), the metabolic and clinical impacts of these obesogenic conditions varies between sexes and genetic backgrounds. The conception of personalised treatments of obesity and its complications require a thorough understanding of the diversity of responses to conditions such as high-fat diet intake. By analysing nine genetically diverse mouse strains, we show that much like humans, mice respond to high-fat diet in a genetic- and sex-dependent manner. Physiological and molecular responses to high-fat diet are associated with expression of genes involved in immunity and mitochondrial function. Finally, we find that mitochondrial function may explain part of the diversity of physiological responses. By exploring the complex interactions between genetics and metabolic phenotypes via gene expression and molecular traits, we shed light on the importance of genetic background and sex in determining metabolic outcomes. In addition to providing the community with an extensive resource for optimizing future experiments, our work serves as an exemplary design for more generalizable translational studies.

Study of occurrence of childhood hypertension in school going children attending pediatrics OPD in Moradabad city

Background: In developed countries, childhood hypertension is a proven indicator of adult hypertension and organ damage and is estimated to be great concern. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of childhood hypertension in school going children attending pediatrics OPD.Methods: An observational study was performed at TMMC and RC among 500 school going children attending pediatrics OPD in TMMC and RC over a period of 1 year. Socio-demographic variables including age, gender, family history of hypertension, parental smoking habits were recorded in a proforma. Dietary habits including consumption of junk food, fruits and daily calorie intake was evaluated utilizing number of times diet intake questionnaire and 24 hour recall method. Height was measured by stadiometer with candidate posing in bare feet. Weight assessment was done with bare footed and candidate clad in light clothing with weighing instrument of electronic type rounded to nearest unit.Results: Elevated blood pressure and hypertension was reported among 9.4% and 6.8% of the subjects respectively. High blood pressure was significantly associated with presence of family history, stress and lack daily physical activity. Chances of elevated blood pressure and hypertension increase along with the increase in subject height, weight and BMI.Conclusions: Performing the BP measurements in routine consultations becomes essential for diagnosis and early intervention.

Correction: Izquierdo et al. Resveratrol Supplementation Attenuates Cognitive and Molecular Alterations under Maternal High-Fat Diet Intake: Epigenetic Inheritance over Generations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1453

The author wishes to make the following correction to this paper [...]

The Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Intake of Specific Foods and Depression in an Adult Population (45–75 Years) in Primary Health Care. A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

Background: The relationship between the quality of the diet and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet with the presence of persistent or recurrent depressive symptoms have been described. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the intake of specific foods in primary care patients aged 45 to 75, having subclinical or major depression. The study also specifically analyzes this relationship in individuals suffering from chronic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. 3062 subjects met the inclusion criteria from the EIRA study. Sociodemographic variables, clinical morbidity, depression symptomatology (PHQ-9) and adherence to Mediterranean diet (MEDAS) were collected. Results: Being female, younger, with a higher BMI, consuming more than 1 serving of red meat a day and drinking more than one carbonated or sugary drink daily, not consuming 3 servings of nuts a week and not eating 2 vegetables cooked in olive oil a week are predictors of having higher depressive symptomatology. Conclusions: Assessing the type of diet of patients presenting depressive symptoms and promoting adherence to a healthy diet is important, especially in patients with chronic diseases. However, depression is a very complex issue and the relationship between nutrition and depression must be further examined.