StPIP1, a PAMP-induced peptide in potato, elicits plant defenses and is associated with disease symptom severity in a compatible interaction with Potato virus Y

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max M Combest ◽  
Natalia Moroz ◽  
Kiwamu Tanaka ◽  
Conner J Rogan ◽  
Jeffrey C Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Transgenic Potato ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Callose Deposition

Abstract The role of small secreted peptides in plant defense responses to viruses has seldom been investigated. Here, we report a role for potato (Solanum tuberosum) PIP1, a gene predicted to encode a member of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced peptide (PIP) family, in the response of potato to Potato virus Y (PVY) infection. We show that exogenous application of synthetic StPIP1 to potato leaves and nodes increased the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of plant defense-related genes, revealing that StPIP1 triggers early defense responses. In support of this hypothesis, transgenic potato plants that constitutively overexpress StPIP1 had higher levels of leaf callose deposition and, based on measurements of viral RNA titers, were less susceptible to infection by a compatible PVY strain. Interestingly, systemic infection of StPIP1-overexpressing lines with PVY resulted in clear rugose mosaic symptoms that were absent or very mild in infected non-transgenic plants. A transcriptomics analysis revealed that marker genes associated with both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity were induced in infected StPIP1 overexpressors but not in non-transgenic plants. Together, our results reveal a role for StPIP1 in eliciting plant defense responses and in regulating plant antiviral immunity.

scholarly journals Resistance levels to two strains of Potato virus Y (PVY) in transgenic potatoes cv. Achat

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
André N. Dusi ◽  
César Carvalho ◽  
Antônio Carlos Torres ◽  
Antonio Carlos de Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Transgenic Potato ◽  
Extreme Resistance ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Transgenic Potatoes

Two transgenic potato clones of cv. Achat, denominated 1P and 63P were challenged with two Potato virus Y strains (PVY O and PVY N), under greenhouse conditions, to be evaluated for resistance to these strains. Optical density values of the Elisa readings of samples from the transgenic plants were compared to readings from samples of the inoculated non-transformed plants. Clone 1P was extremely resistant to both PVY strains, reflected by not being systemically infected. Clone 63P, however, presented partial resistance to both PVY strains as local or systemic infection was delayed in some days. These results confirm the previously reported extreme resistance to PVY of clone 1P.

scholarly journals Jasmonic Acid at the Crossroads of Plant Immunity and Pseudomonas syringae Virulence

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7482
Author(s):  
Aarti Gupta ◽  
Mamta Bhardwaj ◽  
Lam-Son Phan Tran
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Callose Deposition

Sensing of pathogen infection by plants elicits early signals that are transduced to affect defense mechanisms, such as effective blockage of pathogen entry by regulation of stomatal closure, cuticle, or callose deposition, change in water potential, and resource acquisition among many others. Pathogens, on the other hand, interfere with plant physiology and protein functioning to counteract plant defense responses. In plants, hormonal homeostasis and signaling are tightly regulated; thus, the phytohormones are qualified as a major group of signaling molecules controlling the most widely tinkered regulatory networks of defense and counter-defense strategies. Notably, the phytohormone jasmonic acid mediates plant defense responses to a wide array of pathogens. In this review, we present the synopsis on the jasmonic acid metabolism and signaling, and the regulatory roles of this hormone in plant defense against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. We also elaborate on how this pathogen releases virulence factors and effectors to gain control over plant jasmonic acid signaling to effectively cause disease. The findings discussed in this review may lead to ideas for the development of crop cultivars with enhanced disease resistance by genetic manipulation.

scholarly journals HCPro Suppression of Callose Deposition Contributes to Strain-Specific Resistance Against Potato Virus Y

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawnaq N. Chowdhury ◽  
Danny Lasky ◽  
Hari Karki ◽  
Zongying Zhang ◽  
Aymeric Goyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Callose Formation

Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae) is a continuing challenge for potato production owing to the increasing popularity of strain-specific resistant cultivars. Hypersensitive resistance (HR) is one type of plant defense responses to restrict virus spread. In many potato cultivars, such as cultivar Premier Russet (PR), local necrosis at the site of infection protects against the most common PVYO strain, but the HR often fails to restrain necrotic strains, which spread systemically. Here, we established the role of callose accumulation in the strain-specific resistance responses to PVY infection. We first uncovered that PVY, independent of the strain, is naturally capable of suppressing pathogenesis-related callose formation in a susceptible host. Such activity can be dissociated from viral replication by the transient expression of the viral-encoded helper component proteinase (HCPro) protein, identifying it as the pathogen elicitor. However, unlike the necrotic strain, PVYO and its corresponding HCPro are unable to block callose accumulation in resistant PR potatoes, in which we observed an abundance of callose deposition and the inability of the virus to spread. The substitution of eight amino acid residues within the HCPro C-terminal region that differ between PVYO and PVYN strains and were previously shown to be responsible for eliciting the HR response, are sufficient to restore the ability of HCProO to suppress callose accumulation, despite the resistant host background, in line with a new viral function in pathogenicity.

scholarly journals An efficient direct screening system for microorganisms that activate plant immune responses based on plant–microbe interactions using cultured plant cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Kurokawa ◽  
Masataka Nakano ◽  
Nobutaka Kitahata ◽  
Kazuyuki Kuchitsu ◽  
Toshiki Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Microbe Interactions

AbstractMicroorganisms that activate plant immune responses have attracted considerable attention as potential biocontrol agents in agriculture because they could reduce agrochemical use. However, conventional methods to screen for such microorganisms using whole plants and pathogens are generally laborious and time consuming. Here, we describe a general strategy using cultured plant cells to identify microorganisms that activate plant defense responses based on plant–microbe interactions. Microbial cells were incubated with tobacco BY-2 cells, followed by treatment with cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco immune responses secreted by an oomycete. Cryptogein-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BY-2 cells served as a marker to evaluate the potential of microorganisms to activate plant defense responses. Twenty-nine bacterial strains isolated from the interior of Brassica rapa var. perviridis plants were screened, and 8 strains that enhanced cryptogein-induced ROS production in BY-2 cells were selected. Following application of these strains to the root tip of Arabidopsis seedlings, two strains, Delftia sp. BR1R-2 and Arthrobacter sp. BR2S-6, were found to induce whole-plant resistance to bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora NBRC 14082). Pathogen-induced expression of plant defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-5, and PDF1.2) was enhanced by the pretreatment with strain BR1R-2. This cell–cell interaction-based platform is readily applicable to large-scale screening for microorganisms that enhance plant defense responses under various environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Method for the Production and Purification of Plant Immuno-Active Xylanase from Trichoderma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4214
Author(s):  
Gautam Anand ◽  
Meirav Leibman-Markus ◽  
Dorin Elkabetz ◽  
Maya Bar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Xylanase Production ◽  
Ideal System

Plants lack a circulating adaptive immune system to protect themselves against pathogens. Therefore, they have evolved an innate immune system based upon complicated and efficient defense mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). These components are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include plant cell surface receptors. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Ethylene Inducing Xylanase (EIX) is a fungal MAMP protein from the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF)–Trichoderma. It elicits plant defense responses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), making it an excellent tool in the studies of plant immunity. Xylanases such as EIX are hydrolytic enzymes that act on xylan in hemicellulose. There are two types of xylanases: the endo-1, 4-β-xylanases that hydrolyze within the xylan structure, and the β-d-xylosidases that hydrolyze the ends of the xylan chain. Xylanases are mainly synthesized by fungi and bacteria. Filamentous fungi produce xylanases in high amounts and secrete them in liquid cultures, making them an ideal system for xylanase purification. Here, we describe a method for cost- and yield-effective xylanase production from Trichoderma using wheat bran as a growth substrate. Xylanase produced by this method possessed xylanase activity and immunogenic activity, effectively inducing a hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and ROS burst.

scholarly journals Induction, modification, and transduction of the salicylic acid signal in plant defense responses.

1995 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 4134-4137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
J. Malamy ◽  
J. Henning ◽  
U. Conrath ◽  
P. Sanchez-Casas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses
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