Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.6

Author(s):  
Atamer Yesim

This commentary analyses Article 6.1.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the place of performance of a contractual obligation. The place of performance is the place at which the obligor has to perform the acts necessary to honour its obligation. According to Art 6.1.6, monetary obligations must be discharged at the place of business of the obligee and non-monetary obligations at the place of business of the obligor. This commentary discusses the relevance of place of performance, problems related to interpretation of stipulations regarding place of performance, default rule for determining place of performance, place of performance for non-performance and restitution claims, the notion of place of business and consequences of a change in place of business or a change of parties, legal consequences related to performance at a wrong place, and burden of proof relating to place of performance.

Author(s):  
Atamer Yesim

This commentary focuses on Article 6.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning order of performance of a contractual obligation. Art 6.1.4 deals with the sequence of performance and counter-performance if the parties have undertaken reciprocal obligations in a bilateral contract. This commentary discusses the content and scope of application of Art 6.1.4, the role of Art 6.1.4 in determining the time of performance for the counter-performance and in determining the order of performance of due contractual obligations, performances to be taken into consideration when determining the time and order of performance, legal consequences of disregarding the order of performance, and burden of proof relating to order of performance.


Author(s):  
Atamer Yesim

This commentary focuses on Article 6.1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning partial performance of a contractual obligation. Art 6.1.3 addresses the question of whether the obligee has the right to reject partial performance or, conversely, whether the obligor has the right to discharge itself at least partly when the time of performance is due. This commentary discusses the content and scope of application of Article 6.1.3, definition of partial performance with regard to contractual obligations, right of the obligee to reject partial performance and obligation to accept partial performance, and legal consequences of acceptance or rejection of partial performance. It also considers the right of rejection in case of only partly possible performance, defective performance, and performance in excess. Finally, it looks at burden of proof as it relates to partial performance.


Author(s):  
Atamer Yesim

This commentary focuses on Article 6.1.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the time of performing a contractual obligation. Art 6.1.1 determines when a party has to perform its contractual obligations. This is the time, or within the period of time, explicitly or impliedly stipulated in the contract within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. This commentary discusses the notion of timely performance and the consequences of untimely performance, time of performance fixed by the parties, time of performance according to the default rule, obligee's failure to co-operate in regard to timely performance, changes in time of performance, and the burden of proof relating to time of performance.


Author(s):  
Robert Merkin ◽  
Séverine Saintier

The Casebook series provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. The performance obligations of the parties to a contract are determined by contractual terms. A breach of contract arises when a party fails to fully comply with a performance obligation, without lawful excuse. If a contractual obligation is strict, failure to comply constitutes a breach of contract regardless of fault. Subject to an enforceable exemption clause, the injured party is entitled to damages to compensate for the loss suffered as a result of the breach. This chapter focuses on breach of contract and its legal consequences. It discusses the election on repudiatory breach, termination or affirmation of a contract, the classification of terms: conditions, warranties and innominate or intermediate terms, the ‘entire obligation rule’, and anticipatory breach.


Author(s):  
Mazza Francesca

This commentary analyses Article 9.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the circumstances under which the original obligor is discharged. According to Art 9.2.5, the obligee may discharge the original obligor or retain the original obligor as an obligor in case the new obligor does not perform properly. Otherwise the original obligor and the new obligor are jointly and severally liable. As a default rule, Art 9.2.5(3), which provides for the joint and several liability of the original and new obligor, applies unless the obligee has agreed to discharge the original obligor by virtue of Art 9.2.5(1) or (2). Art 9.2.5(3) stipulates that the obligee is not required to express a choice. If it remains silent, the default rule of joint and several liability applies. The burden of proof lies with the original obligor to provide persuasive evidence that it has been fully or partially discharged.


Author(s):  
Krebs Thomas

This commentary focuses on Article 2.2.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning sub-agency. In most countries, the default rule is that the agent is not permitted to delegate its authority. This rule is generally based on the confidential nature of the agency relationship. Art 2.2.8 stipulates that an agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. This commentary discusses the requirements of sub-agency, the consequences of delegation of authority, cases where the sub-agent affects the legal relations of the third party, and burden of proof relating to sub-agency.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Aisyah Ayu Musyafah

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to investigate and study the factors that led to the Notary signed a deed of credit agreement without the presence of the parties before him that expressly violates the provisions of the legislation, as well as to identify and assess the legal consequences faced by banks as creditors due to a decrease in status credit agreement of the authentic act becomes deed under the hand because of the absence of the parties before the Notary. This type of research is normative empirical. Empirical research normative law is essentially a merger between the normative legal approach with the addition of various elements of the empirical. This research is descriptive of the type of research that aim to present a complete picture of the problem. Analysis of the data in this study using qualitative methods, the choice of data obtained from research based on quality or quality. Factors causing the Notary deed signed a credit agreement without the presence of the parties before him that expressly violates the provisions of the legislation that is due to too many certificates must Notary made and it was done because it was approved by the bank concerned and also to demand the bank. The legal consequences faced by banks as creditors due to a decrease in the status of a credit agreement of the authentic act into a deed under the hand because of the absence of the parties before the Notary, namely the decrease in the strength of evidence of the authentic act which has the strength of evidence may be perfect in deed under the hand that has the strength of evidence imperfect. Credit agreements in the form of a deed under the hand, the burden of proof is on the bank. In contrast to authentic deeds, to prove that an obligation on the parties deny the authentic act. Credit agreements or signatures that are not recognized by the debtor and the judge granted, the bank can not execute a guarantee for the debts of the debtor. Banks also have to spend more for the court proceedings and can damage the bank's reputation.  Keywords: notary, banks, credit agreement, authentic deed, private deed. ABSTRAKTujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Notaris melakukan penandatanganan akta perjanjian kredit tanpa kehadiran para pihak dihadapannya yang secara tegas melanggar ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, serta untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji konsekuensi hukum yang dihadapi bank sebagai kreditur akibat penurunan status perjanjian kredit dari akta otentik menjadi akta di bawah tangan karena ketidakhadiran para pihak di hadapan Notaris. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu normatif empiris. Penelitian hukum normatif empiris ini pada dasarnya merupakan penggabungan antara pendekatan hukum normatif dengan adanya penambahan berbagai unsur empiris. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif yaitu satu jenis penelitian yang tujuannya untuk menyajikan gambaran lengkap mengenai suatu permasalahan. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu pemilihan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari penelitian berdasarkan mutu atau kualitasnya. Faktor penyebab Notaris menandatangani akta perjanjian kredit tanpa kehadiran para pihak dihadapannya yang secara tegas melanggar ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu dikarenakan terlalu banyak akta yang harus Notaris buat dan hal itu dilakukan karena telah mendapat persetujuan dari bank yang bersangkutan dan juga dikarenakan permintaan pihak bank. Konsekuensi hukum yang dihadapi bank sebagai kreditur akibat penurunan status perjanjian kredit dari akta otentik menjadi akta di bawah tangan karena ketidakhadiran para pihak di hadapan Notaris, yaitu terjadinya penurunan kekuatan pembuktian dari akta otentik yang memiliki kekuatan pembuktian sempurna menjadi akta di bawah tangan yang memiliki kekuatan pembuktian yang tidak sempurna. Perjanjian kredit yang berbentuk akta di bawah tangan, beban pembuktian ada pada bank. Berbeda dengan akta otentik, kewajiban untuk membuktikan ada pada pihak yang menyangkal akta otentik tersebut. Perjanjian kredit atau tandatangannya yang tidak diakui oleh debitur dan dikabulkan hakim, bank tidak dapat mengeksekusi jaminan untuk hutang debitur. Bank juga harus mengeluarkan dana lebih untuk proses di pengadilan dan dapat merusak reputasi bank.  Kata Kunci: notaris, bank, perjanjian kredit, akta otentik, akta di bawah  tangan.


Author(s):  
Vogenauer Stefan

This commentary focuses on Article 5.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning a contract for an indefinite period. Art 5.1.8 stipulates that a contract for an indefinite period maybe ended by either party by giving notice a reasonable time in advance. Art 5.1.8 deviates from the principle of pacta sunt servanda and is in contrast with the idea of favor contractus. As far as its requirements are concerned, it permits the unilateral cancellation of contracts concluded for an indefinite period without any further justification. This commentary discusses the requirements for a contract for an indefinite period, with particular emphasis on contract required by good faith and notice given a reasonable time in advance. It also considers the legal consequences of an ending contract, along with the burden of proof of the party wishing to bring the contract to an end.


Author(s):  
Vogenauer Stefan

This commentary focuses on Article 1.10, which deals with the effectiveness of notices provided under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). A notice refers to any communication of intention. By way of example, the paragraph lists declarations, demands, and requests. The notice must be ‘required’ under the PICC; that is, a provision of the instrument must attach certain legal consequences to the giving of the notice. Art 1.10 establishes a single regime for all types of notice which has two main features. In order to be effective, notices are not subject to any requirement as to form. However, they must be received by the addressee. Art 1.10 also explains the burden of proof concerning the party that relies on the effectiveness of its own notice and the party that relies on the effectiveness of the other party's notice.


Author(s):  
Jaap Hage ◽  
Antonia Waltermann ◽  
Gustavo Arosemena

In order to understand the role of exceptions in international law, this chapter distinguishes between applicability and application of rules. An exception to a rule in a case is defined as the situation in which a rule is applicable to, but nevertheless not applied to, the case. This is possible because the applicability of a rule is merely considered to be a reason for applying the rule, which can be outweighed by reasons against application. This chapter argues that exceptions to rules are made mainly for two purposes: to create a division in the burden of proof, or because the legal consequences of the rule in the case are undesirable. The chapter also discusses techniques used by law to avoid rule conflicts and the need for making exceptions, including subscripting, scope limitations, interpretation, derogation, incorporation and reference, and limitations on rule-creating powers.


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