Introduction to ICDR Arbitration

A Guide to the ICDR International Arbitration Rules ◽

10.1093/law/9780198729020.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Gusy Martin F ◽

Hosking James M

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

International Arbitration ◽

International Services ◽

The Many ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR), the American Arbitration Association’s (AAA) division focused on international disputes. Following the revision of the International Arbitration Rules in 1996–97, the ICDR was charged with all of the AAA’s international services. Importantly, the ICDR is empowered to apply any one of several sets of rules and procedures in administering international disputes. By far, the most common applicable set of rules is the ICDR Rules, closely followed by the AAA Commercial Rules. However, the ICDR might also be asked to administer an arbitration governed by one of the many industry-specific sets of rules. The chapter then traces the genesis of the ICDR Rules and major changes over time, leading up to the substantial overhaul of the ICDR Rules effected in 2014.

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Introduction

Beyond the Steppe Frontier ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691181684.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Sören Urbansky

Keyword(s):

World History ◽

Pivotal Role ◽

Academic Interest ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

This introductory chapter focuses on the overlapping and mingling of distinct nomadic and sedentary cultures and European and Asian civilizations along the Argun. It shows that the study of the multiple ways in which the Sino-Russian border was negotiated on the ground remains a lacuna in the scholarship. Such neglect is all the more striking in light of the landmark's geopolitical significance and pivotal role in world history, its unique and radical changes over time, and the growth of general academic interest in borders. Here, the chapter provides a new focus for research before turning to how the Argun Basin was populated over the course of centuries. It illustrates the changing patterns of population in such an inhospitable area.

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The network of international trade in services

Applied Network Science ◽

10.1007/s41109-021-00407-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lucia Tajoli ◽

Federico Airoldi ◽

Carlo Piccardi

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Network Structures ◽

Trade In Services ◽

Global Properties ◽

International Services ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

AbstractWhile the share of services in international trade has been increasing very slowly over the years, oscillating around 20 per cent since the 1990s, their role has constantly gained importance. Trade in services certainly faces many more obstacles than trade in goods, but its impact on globalization and countries’ competitiveness is crucial, and it is therefore worth investigating its characteristics. The present work aims to analyse the networks of international trade in services and to unveil specific properties by exploiting a number of existing methodologies and algorithms. After describing the global properties of the networks of the various service classes, we investigate differences and similarities among them, and we highlight the most influential countries in the trade of specific services. We find that traded services display sharply different characteristics and they can be grouped in two different sets according to their network structures. Countries’ positions in these networks are diversified, with connections unevenly distributed, especially for some service categories. We discover that the structure of links, i.e. the topology of the networks, identifies the role of countries much more clearly than the sole amount of services traded. Overall, the results highlight important features, as well as changes over time, in the landscape of the international services.

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Introduction

10.1093/law/9780198715610.003.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Schaffstein Silja

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

National Court ◽

The Other ◽

Arbitral Tribunal ◽

International Arbitration ◽

Other Hand ◽

Principal Method ◽

Prior Decision ◽

Commercial Disputes

This introductory chapter discusses the judiciary problems that may arise from the increasing number of multi-fora disputes in the international arbitration. International arbitration is widely considered to be the principal method of dispute resolution for international commercial disputes, which commonly involve multiple parties, contracts, and issues. The multiplicity of the subjects involved in the disputes often results in conflicts concerning the proper forum to be applied, and give rise to the question: if a national court renders a decision on the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, would the arbitrators be bound by the prior decision, or could they decide anew whether they have jurisdiction? If the arbitrators are bound by a national court judgment, the parties’ arbitration agreement may be frustrated. On the other hand, if the arbitrators are not bound by the prior judgment and decide that there is a valid arbitration agreement, parallel court and arbitration proceedings may ensue.

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1 Introduction

10.1093/law/9780198755432.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kim Joongi

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Dispute Resolution ◽

Historical Development ◽

International Arbitration ◽

Party Autonomy ◽

The World ◽

Accelerated Growth ◽

Paris Club

This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the scope of international arbitration in Korea. From modest beginnings, Korea has managed to establish a modern arbitration system that has become a common means of dispute resolution that operates under a consensual framework based on party autonomy. Korea’s accelerated growth in arbitration has been closely intertwined with its economic development, as it catapulted itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to recently joining the Paris Club of the world’s largest creditors, all in the span of fifty years. The chapter thus describes the historical development of arbitration in Korea and how its arbitration is practiced. It also includes a short outline of Korea’s legal industry in general, before finally discussing a few explanatory notes for reference in later chapters.

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Age at Nomination Among Soccer Players Nominated for Major International Individual Awards: A Better Proxy for the Age of Peak Individual Soccer Performance?

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Geir Oterhals ◽

Håvard Lorås ◽

Arve Vorland Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Soccer Players ◽

Peak Performance ◽

Actual Performance ◽

Complex Behaviour ◽

Physiological Performance ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Age Of Peak Performance ◽

The Many ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Individual soccer performance is notoriously difficult to measure due to the many contributing sub-variables and the variety of contexts within which skills must be utilised. Furthermore, performance differs across rather specialised playing positions. In research, soccer performance is often measured using combinations of, or even single, sub-variables. All too often these variables have not been validated against actual performance. Another approach is the use of proxies. In sports research, the age of athletes when winning championship medals has been used as a proxy for determining their age of peak performance. In soccer, studies have used the average age of players in top European leagues or in the Champions League to determine the age of individual peak performance. Such approaches have methodological shortcomings and may underestimate the peak. We explore the use of a new proxy, the age at nomination for major individual awards, to determine the average age at peak individual soccer performance. A total of 1,981 players nominated for major awards from 1956 to 2019 were included, and a subset of 653 retired players was extracted, thus including players’ complete careers. Players’ average ages at nomination, at their first nomination, and at their last ever nomination were calculated, and differences across playing positions were calculated together with changes over time in the average age at peak. Based on our proxy, the age of individual peak soccer performance occurs around 27–28 years, varying across playing positions from 26 to 31 years. A player’s first peak, on average, seems to coincide with known peaks of physiological variables; their last-ever peak occurs long after physiological performance has started to decline, indicating that the decline can be compensated for by other variables. The peak age is higher than previously reported for soccer; however, it is similar to those in other team ball sports. The average age at peak performance has increased over time, especially in the last decade. Our approach of using proxies for unearthing information about hidden features of otherwise immeasurable complex performance appears to be viable, and such proxies may be used to validate sub-variables that measure complex behaviour.

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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