scholarly journals Age at Nomination Among Soccer Players Nominated for Major International Individual Awards: A Better Proxy for the Age of Peak Individual Soccer Performance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Oterhals ◽  
Håvard Lorås ◽  
Arve Vorland Pedersen

Individual soccer performance is notoriously difficult to measure due to the many contributing sub-variables and the variety of contexts within which skills must be utilised. Furthermore, performance differs across rather specialised playing positions. In research, soccer performance is often measured using combinations of, or even single, sub-variables. All too often these variables have not been validated against actual performance. Another approach is the use of proxies. In sports research, the age of athletes when winning championship medals has been used as a proxy for determining their age of peak performance. In soccer, studies have used the average age of players in top European leagues or in the Champions League to determine the age of individual peak performance. Such approaches have methodological shortcomings and may underestimate the peak. We explore the use of a new proxy, the age at nomination for major individual awards, to determine the average age at peak individual soccer performance. A total of 1,981 players nominated for major awards from 1956 to 2019 were included, and a subset of 653 retired players was extracted, thus including players’ complete careers. Players’ average ages at nomination, at their first nomination, and at their last ever nomination were calculated, and differences across playing positions were calculated together with changes over time in the average age at peak. Based on our proxy, the age of individual peak soccer performance occurs around 27–28 years, varying across playing positions from 26 to 31 years. A player’s first peak, on average, seems to coincide with known peaks of physiological variables; their last-ever peak occurs long after physiological performance has started to decline, indicating that the decline can be compensated for by other variables. The peak age is higher than previously reported for soccer; however, it is similar to those in other team ball sports. The average age at peak performance has increased over time, especially in the last decade. Our approach of using proxies for unearthing information about hidden features of otherwise immeasurable complex performance appears to be viable, and such proxies may be used to validate sub-variables that measure complex behaviour.

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Carpenter ◽  
Tara K. Scanlan

The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes over time in the determinants of sport commitment would be related to predicted changes in commitment. Male and female (N = 103) high school soccer players completed surveys toward the middle and at the end of their regular season. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that commitment was significantly predicted by changes in involvement opportunities. Examination of the mean magnitude of changes in the determinants and corresponding changes in commitment using a series of correlated t-tests revealed significant effects for sport enjoyment and involvement opportunities. For those players whose sport enjoyment and involvement opportunities had declined, there was a corresponding decrease in their commitment. For those players whose involvement opportunities had increased, there was a corresponding increase in their commitment. Combined, these results provided support for a priori hypotheses regarding changes in the determinants of commitment over time and corresponding changes in commitment.


2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 793-794
Author(s):  
Juan R. López y Taylor ◽  
Alejandro Gaytán ◽  
Roberto G. González-Mendoza ◽  
Juan Antonio Jiménez-Alvarado ◽  
Marisol Villegas-Balcazar ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Gusy Martin F ◽  
Hosking James M

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR), the American Arbitration Association’s (AAA) division focused on international disputes. Following the revision of the International Arbitration Rules in 1996–97, the ICDR was charged with all of the AAA’s international services. Importantly, the ICDR is empowered to apply any one of several sets of rules and procedures in administering international disputes. By far, the most common applicable set of rules is the ICDR Rules, closely followed by the AAA Commercial Rules. However, the ICDR might also be asked to administer an arbitration governed by one of the many industry-specific sets of rules. The chapter then traces the genesis of the ICDR Rules and major changes over time, leading up to the substantial overhaul of the ICDR Rules effected in 2014.


2020 ◽  
pp. 146978742098173
Author(s):  
Serhat Erat ◽  
Kurtulus Demirkol ◽  
M Eyyüp Sallabas

Feedback is crucial in every step of education, and we provide feedback to students in order to help them to either understand or improve their performance if they wish to improve their skills and abilities. However, how or whether they can benefit depends on their response to that feedback. Thus, when they receive feedback, they ought to be receptive because either too much or too little confidence influences their perceptions of their own performance. The study described in this article looks at overconfidence, and whether or not this evolves over time, that is, with more experience and also whether providing feedback to students can improve their own assessment of their own skills and abilities. A two-stage experiment was conducted, measuring the actual performance of students taking a course, at two points within it. After the examination that students took, we collected how students had assessed themselves and the degree of confidence that they had. Later, we provided feedback to students about their actual performance. In the second stage, we again measured their actual and self-estimated performance. The aim was to find out whether the feedback provided to students improved their assessment of their own performance and whether or not there had been a change in the level of their confidence. The results shed light on whether or not confidence, in particular, overconfidence, changes over time, in response to the feedback provided, and whether the provision of feedback is an effective policy when it comes to reducing overconfidence.


VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Urban ◽  
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽  
Isabelle Signolet ◽  
Christophe Colas Ribas ◽  
Mathieu Feuilloy ◽  
...  

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.


2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Olff ◽  
Mirjam Nijdam ◽  
Kristin Samuelson ◽  
Julia Golier ◽  
Mariel Meewisse ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Stinson ◽  
Zachary Sussman ◽  
Megan Foley Nicpon ◽  
Allison L. Allmon ◽  
Courtney Cornick ◽  
...  

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