Part IX International Environmental Law in National/Regional Courts, Ch.64 India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghosh Shibani
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Substantive Content ◽  
Judicial Reasoning

This chapter focuses on international environmental law (IEL) in the courts of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Review of the case law reveals that Indian courts have led the adoption of the IEL principles in this region, with occasional references to IEL by Bangladeshi and Pakistani courts. This appears to follow the trend of non-environmental cases, where also the Bangladeshi and Pakistani judiciary is more reluctant than the Indian courts to turn to international law. Although courts in the three countries have engaged with IEL, it has mostly been at a superficial level. Their reliance on IEL is not always accompanied by strong judicial reasoning, making it difficult to determine their content and scope, and even their relevance in particular scenarios. Given development imperatives in these countries, courts are often faced with the ‘economy/development versus environment’ question. In such situations, the courts rely on IEL in an instrumental fashion in support of the final outcome of the case, rather than engaging with the substantive content of the IEL principle.

From Autonomy to Integration? International Law, Free Trade and the Environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mehling ◽  
Anja Lindroos
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Trade And The Environment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOur current understanding of so-called “self-contained regimes” is based on an overly simplistic appreciation of how such regimes interact with each other and with the larger body of international law. Drawing on an analysis of WTO case law, this article highlights two distinct normative relations, addressing the relationship of international trade law vis-à-vis general international law and international environmental law. As the analysis reveals, further differentiation of normative relationships is needed to better understand how such seemingly independent regimes operate in a fragmented legal system. It also shows that a recently proposed interpretative tool, systemic integration, raises new questions and challenges traditional conceptions of international treaty law.

Freiraum oder Herrschaftsgebiet

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Goeble
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Human Right ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Legal Barriers

In this book, the author discusses the questions of whether and how international legal barriers already limit the power of states on the Internet today and what these might look like in the future. In particular, he focuses on access to the Internet being a human right. One focus is freedom of expression and information at the level of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, which are examined from the perspective of various dimensions of intervention. For this purpose, a detailed evaluation of the existing documents and case law in this respect is carried out. Subsequently, the author provides his own proposal for access to the Internet being a human right de lege ferenda. Due to the qualification of the Internet as an international (super)space, international legal barriers, which arise in particular from the area of international environmental law, the rules of international relations and humanitarian international law, are also examined with regard to their transferability.

scholarly journals A Bridge Too Far? Assessing the Prospects for International Environmental Law to Resolve the South China Sea Disputes

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ong
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
International Law ◽  
South China ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
China Sea

Doctrinal approaches to the South China Sea island and maritime jurisdiction disputes have traditionally invoked the international law on territorial sovereignty acquisition and the law of the sea for their resolution. However, neither of these two fields of international law and their established institutions has succeeded in settling these disputes. This paves the way for consideration of other, related but less historically and politically significant international legal developments establishing constraints against the activities undertaken on and around many of the South China Sea insular formations. In this paper, the potential for international environmental law to resolve the South China Sea disputes will be examined. Specifically, international environmental law governing ‘shared’ water bodies and their application in relevant international case law will be assessed. These obligations will be mapped onto the South China Sea disputes, with a view to providing the means for co-operation towards the resolution of these disputes.

Part IV Normative Development, Ch.23 Customary International Law and the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dupuy Pierre-Marie ◽  
Le Moli Ginevra ◽  
Viñuales Jorge E
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Normative Development ◽  
Environmental Norms ◽  
Environmental Interests

This chapter highlights how, despite the large number of environmental agreements at all levels, the role of customary international law remains key in practice. First, many treaties in force remain largely unimplemented. Secondly, treaties only bind those states parties to them, and that introduces sometimes important variations in the scope of environmental agreements. Thirdly, there is at present no treaty formulating binding overarching principles interweaving sectorial environmental agreements. As a result, it is often necessary to revert to customary norms when difficulties of interpretation or implementation arise. Fourthly, custom is important to mediate between a range of environmental and non-environmental interests governed by different treaties. Finally, custom plays an important role in disputes concerning a disputed area or where there is no applicable treaty. The chapter then analyses the process of custom formation with reference to environmental norms in order to show both the ‘banality’ and the peculiarities of this process. It also looks at the content of customary international environmental law as recognized in the case law.

scholarly journals A Framework Convention for the Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-162
Author(s):  
Tara Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
International Law Commission ◽  
Law Commission ◽  
First Session

At its seventy-first session in 2019, the International Law Commission (ilc) provisionally adopted twenty-eight draft principles related to the protection of the environment before, during and after armed conflict. This article argues that the ilc ought to consider proposing a framework convention as the final outcome of this project, as this could result in better protection of the environment than draft principles. Framework conventions have featured in international environmental law but they have not yet been used to progressively develop the law of armed conflict. This article argues that the hybrid legal nature of protecting the environment during the conduct of hostilities ought to incorporate solutions from relevant fields of international law. To that end, there are many merits to proposing a framework convention approach in the final outcome of the ilc’s programme of work on this issue.

scholarly journals Role of the South in the Development of International Environmental Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-157
Author(s):  
Parvez Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Law Texts

Abstract In the post-colonial era, the newly emerging and independent states of Asia and Africa, supported by the developing world in South America, questioned the validity and legitimacy of norms of international law. Those norms were perceived to serve only the interests of the developed Western nations and were alien to the aspirations of the developing countries. International law has evolved over time, with a willingness to accept the viewpoint of new participants in the global process in a variety of contexts. These include the international protection of human rights and international law regarding the permanent sovereignty of nations over their natural wealth and resources. The interests of developing countries have been assimilated, though the extent to which this is done varies. A central message advanced is that the ultimate integrity of international law is the commonality and synthesis of the interests of all states, rich and poor, agricultural and industrial. The continuing contribution of developing countries, through their participation in conferences, negotiation of treaties and soft law texts, adds immeasurable strength to the current state and future development of international environmental law.

scholarly journals International law protecting the environment during armed conflict: gaps and opportunities

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (879) ◽  
pp. 569-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bothe ◽  
Carl Bruch ◽  
Jordan Diamond ◽  
David Jensen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThere are three key deficiencies in the existing body of international humanitarian law (IHL) relating to protection of the environment during armed conflict. First, the definition of impermissible environmental damage is both too restrictive and unclear; second, there are legal uncertainties regarding the protection of elements of the environment as civilian objects; and third, the application of the principle of proportionality where harm to the environment constitutes ‘collateral damage’ is also problematic. These gaps present specific opportunities for clarifying and developing the existing framework. One approach to addressing some of the inadequacies of IHL could be application of international environmental law during armed conflict. The detailed norms, standards, approaches, and mechanisms found in international environmental law might also help to clarify and extend basic principles of IHL to prevent, address, or assess liability for environmental damage incurred during armed conflict.

10. International environmental law

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-208
Author(s):  
Anders Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Rules And Principles

International environmental law is an area of international law where states have decided to cooperate with each other in order to fulfil certain goals of common interest and, for the most part, its rules and principles belong in the category of the international law of cooperation. This chapter discusses the most important parts of international environmental law and its main legal sources. It presents the fundamental principles of international environmental law, including those that seek to prevent damage to the environment and those that seek to ensure a balanced approach to environmental protection. It provides an overview of the most important parts of the substantial regulation in international environmental law, including the legal regime for the protection of the atmosphere, the conservation of nature and the regulation of hazardous substances. It also discusses features related to implementation and enforcement that are particular to international environmental law.

10. International environmental law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Rules And Principles

International environmental law is an area of international law where states have decided to cooperate with each other in order to fulfil certain goals of common interest and, for the most part, its rules and principles belong in the category of the international law of cooperation. This chapter discusses the most important parts of international environmental law and its main legal sources. It presents the fundamental principles of international environmental law, including those that seek to prevent damage to the environment and those that seek to ensure a balanced approach to environmental protection. It provides an overview of the most important parts of the substantial regulation in international environmental law, including the legal regime for the protection of the atmosphere, the conservation of nature, and the regulation of hazardous substances. It also discusses features related to implementation and enforcement that are particular to international environmental law.

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