Cranial Neuropathies & Brainstem Syndromes

This chapter addresses the various cranial neuropathies and brainstem syndromes and their respective anatomical components. Included among these disorders are pupillary reflex pathologies, oral-palatal deviations, gag reflex, facial palsy, Bell’s palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, midbrain syndromes, pontine syndromes, and medullary syndromes. Instructions are presented on how to draw the elements of the neuropathies and syndromes, as well as the trigeminal nerve, central pathways, central somatotopic maps, and smooth pursuit eye movements. Finally, case histories of specific disorders are presented along with discussion of the elements involved in making the diagnosis.