Drug Delivery, Monitoring, and Interactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks ◽  
Sarah L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Administration Routes ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Drug Errors

This chapter outlines the typical pathway of an administered drug and the factors that affect it. The main components that determine a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are discussed. Issues important for the physician such as Pharmacokinetic parameters, drug administration routes, and principles of drug interactions are highlighted. Problems with inadvertently holding home or maintenance medications and other drug errors are outlined. Pharmacogenomics and its emerging clinical relevance is introduced.

scholarly journals Long-Circulating Hyaluronan-Based Nanohydrogels as Carriers of Hydrophobic Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Di Meo ◽  
Mayte Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Tommasina Coviello ◽  
Marival Bermejo ◽  
Virginia Merino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Hydrophobic Drugs ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Model Drug ◽  
High Doses

Nanohydrogels based on natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, are gaining interest as vehicles for therapeutic agents, as they can modify the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the carried drugs. In this work, hyaluronan-riboflavin nanohydrogels were tested in vivo in healthy rats highlighting their lack of toxicity, even at high doses, and their different biodistribution with respect to that of native hyaluronan. They were also exploited as carriers of a hydrophobic model drug, the anti-inflammatory piroxicam, that was physically embedded within the nanohydrogels by an autoclave treatment. The nanoformulation was tested by intravenous administration showing an improvement of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the molecule. The obtained results indicate that hyaluronan-based self-assembled nanohydrogels are suitable systems for low-soluble drug administration, by increasing the dose as well as the circulation time of poorly available therapeutic agents.

Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems as potential for skin application: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciele Garcia Baveloni ◽  
Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio ◽  
Leonardo Delello Di Filippo ◽  
Mariza Aires Fernandes ◽  
Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Main Barrier

: Administration of substances through the skin represents a promising alternative, in relation to others drug administration routes, due to its large body surface area, in order to offer ideal and multiple sites for drug administration. In addition, the administration of drugs through the skin avoids first-pass metabolism, allowing an increase in the bioavailability of drugs, as well as reducing their side effects. However, the stratum corneum (SC) comprises the main barrier of protection against external agents, mainly due to its structure, composition and physicochemical properties, becoming the main limitation for the administration of substances through the skin. In view of the above, pharmaceutical technology has allowed the development of multiple drug delivery systems (DDS), which include liquid crystals (LC), cubosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), nanoemulsions (NE), as well as cyclodextrins (CD) and dendrimers (DND). It appears that the DDS circumvents the problems of drug absorption through the SC layer of the skin, ensuring the release of the drug, as well as optimizing the therapeutic effect local. This review aims to highlight the DDS that include LC, cubosomes, lipid systems, PNP, as well as CD and DND, to optimize topical skin therapies.

scholarly journals Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems

Applied Nano ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-117
Author(s):  
Yuri B. G. Patriota ◽  
Luíse L. Chaves ◽  
Evren H. Gocke ◽  
Patricia Severino ◽  
Mônica F. R. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Direct Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Reversal Agent ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Administration Routes

Heparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS. The understanding of the range of anticoagulant assays, together with their key applications and limitations, is essential both within the context of scientific research and for clinical usage. This review provides an overview of the current anticoagulant therapy and discusses the advantages and limitations of currently available anticoagulant assays. We also discuss studies involving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-based nanocarriers with emphasis on their anticoagulation performance. Conventional anticoagulants have been used for decades for the treatment of many diseases. Direct oral anticoagulants have overcome some limitations of heparins and vitamin K antagonists. However, the lack of an accurate laboratory assessment, as well as the lack of a factor “xaban” (Xa) inhibitor reversal agent, remains a major problem associated with these anticoagulants. LMWHs represent anticoagulant agents with noteworthy efficacy and safety, and they have been explored to improve their outcomes with various nanocarriers through several administration routes. The main problems related to LMWHs have been surmounted, and improved efficiency may be achieved through the use of DDSs.

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