Epidemiology and Primary Health Care

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
J Patrick Vaughan ◽  
Cesar Victora ◽  
A Mushtaque R Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
District Health ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Local Decision Making

This chapter introduces the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the central role of epidemiological concepts, knowledge, and skills in planning, management, and evaluation of district health systems in support of primary health care. It focuses on interventions to improve the health status of whole populations and shows how epidemiology is essential to support local decision-making for improvements in the population’s health. Health planning is outlined using a systems approach for high-priority health services and public health programmes delivered by district health services and programmes. The differences between interventions for clinical medicine and public health are explained. The systems approach to district planning are also explained.

scholarly journals Análise situacional de saúde da primeira infância

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e5464
Author(s):  
Carolina Maia Menezes ◽  
Ravane Vasconcelos Santos ◽  
Mariana Carvalho Gavazza
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Primary Health

A atenção básica é a principal porta de entrada nos serviços de saúde, atuando na coordenação do cuidado e resolução dos problemas de saúde. A Estratégia de Saúde da Família trabalha com abordagem territorial e comunitária, com definição, adscrição da clientela, cadastramento e acompanhamento da população. Dessa forma, o planejamento e programação em saúde é fundamental para os processos de trabalho através da Análise Situacional de Saúde (ASIS). Este trabalho traz um relato de experiência da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde Coletiva sobre o processo de construção e realização da ASIS da primeira infância em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família no município de Salvador, no ano 2019. Foi encontrada distribuição heterogênea de crianças na primeira infância de acordo com a microárea e subnotificação das condições de saúde, especialmente das deficiências. Nas oficinas com profissionais e usuários, foram elencados problemas semelhantes relacionados ao acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde e questões sociais que afetam a primeira infância deste território. A assistência à saúde da criança na USF mostrou-se satisfatória, porém necessitando de melhorias quanto ao monitoramento das crianças. A realização da análise proporcionou maior conhecimento acerca da realidade local, com o recorte da primeira infância e pode ser utilizada como ferramenta o planejamento local em saúde e enfrentamento dos problemas priorizados, tanto para primeira infância quanto para outros ciclos de vida. ABSTRACTThe primary health care is the main gateway in health services system, operating on coordinate care and resolution of health problems. The Family Health Strategy (ESF) works with territorial and community approach, with definition, clientele adscription, registration, and population monitoring. Therefore, planning and programming in health care are fundamental to the work processes through the Health Situational Analysis (ASIS). This article reports an experience of Multi-Professional Residency in Public Health about the construction and conduction process of early childhood ASIS at a Family Health Unit (FHU) in the city of Salvador in 2019. It was found a heterogeneous distribution of children on early childhood according to the micro-area and health conditions underreporting, especially physical and mental deficiencies. In workshops with professionals and users, similar problems were related to access and use of health services and social matters that affect early childhood in this territory were listed. Child’s health care assistance in FHU proved to be satisfactory, however, needing improvement in the children monitoring. The conduction of ASIS provided greater knowledge about the local reality, with the cutout of early childhood. It can be used as a tool both to the local planning in health care and the coping of prioritized problems as early childhood and other life cycles.Keywords: Health Planning; Child Development; Primary Health Care. RESUMENLa atención primaria es la principal puerta de acceso a los servicios de salud, trabajando para coordinar la atención y resolver los problemas de salud. La Estrategia Salud de la Familia trabaja con un enfoque territorial y comunitario, con definición, asignación de clientes, registro y seguimiento de la población. Así, la planificación y programación de la salud es fundamental para los procesos de trabajo a través del Análisis Situacional de Salud (ASIS). Este artículo es un relato de experiencia de la Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud Pública sobre el proceso de construcción e implementación de ASIS de la primera infancia en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia (USF) en la ciudad de Salvador, en el año 2019. Se encontró una distribución heterogénea de niños en la primera infancia. niñez según el área micro y subregistro de condiciones de salud, especialmente discapacidad. En los talleres con profesionales y usuarios se enumeraron problemas similares relacionados con el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud y los problemas sociales que afectan a la primera infancia de este territorio. La atención de la salud infantil en la USF demostró ser satisfactoria, pero es necesario mejorar el seguimiento de los niños. La realización del análisis brindóun mayor conocimiento sobre la realidad local, con el corte de la primera infancia y se puede utilizar como herramienta la planificación local en salud y el afrontamiento de los problemas priorizados tanto para la primera infancia como para otros ciclos vitales.Palabras Clave: Planificación en Salud; Desarrollo Infantil; Atención Primaria de Salud. 

scholarly journals Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Gastelurrutia ◽  
Maria J. Faus ◽  
Fernando Martinez-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
State Health ◽  
Primary Health

From a political and governance perspective Spain is a decentralized country with 17 states [comunidades autónomas] resulting in a governmental structure similar to a federal state. The various state regional health services organizational and management structures are focused on caring for acute illnesses and are dominated by hospitals and technology. In a review by the Interstate Council, a body for intercommunication and cooperation between the state health care services and national government, there is a move to improve health care through an integrative approach between specialized care and primary care at the state level. Community pharmacy does not appear to have a major role in this review. Primary health care is becoming more important and leading the change to improve the roles of the health care teams. Primary care pharmacists as the rest of public health professionals are employed by the respective states and are considered public servants. Total health care expenditure is 9.0% of its GDP with the public health sector accounting for the 71% and the private sector 29% of this expenditure. Community pharmacy contracts with each state health administration for the supply and dispensing of medicines and a very limited number of services. There are approximately 22,000 community pharmacies and 52,000 community pharmacists for a population of 47 million people. All community pharmacies are privately owned with only pharmacists owning a single pharmacy. Pharmacy chain stores are not legally permitted. Community pharmacy practice is based on dispensing of medications and dealing with consumer minor symptoms and requests for nonprescription medications although extensive philosophical deep debates on the conceptual and practical development of new clinical services have resulted in national consensually agreed classifications, definitions and protocolized services. There are a few remunerated services in Spain and these are funded at state, provincial or municipal level. There are no health services approved or funded at a national level. Although the profession promulgates a patient orientated community pharmacy it appears to be reluctant to advocate for a change in the remuneration model. The profession as a whole should reflect on the role of community pharmacy and advocate for a change to practice that is patient orientated alongside the maintenance of its stance on being a medication supplier. The future strategic position of community pharmacy in Spain as a primary health care partner with government would then be enhanced.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Health Planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-198
Author(s):  
J Patrick Vaughan ◽  
Cesar Victora ◽  
A Mushtaque R Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Local Health ◽  
District Health ◽  
High Quality

This chapter focuses on how local health teams can use epidemiology to help plan for health priorities and identify high-risk groups and to tackle inequalities. Using a systems approach epidemiology can help to strengthen primary health care and improve the delivery of district health services and programmes. These need to be delivered so people have high levels of access to high-quality services and programmes that also achieve high levels of population coverage.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Expressive Therapies in Sleep Disorders in Elderly Hyperfrequent of Primary Health Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Filipe Barreto Grangeiro ◽  
Lucy de Oliveira Gomes ◽  
Cristina da Silva Cunha ◽  
Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Expressive Therapies ◽  
Primary Health

Background: Sleep disorders have multifactorial causes affecting 25 to 30%of the adult population, which can consist of primary or secondary conditions, representing a serious risk to public health. They are risk factors for the elderly population, estimating that 50% of this age group have symptoms related to sleep. Objectives: to verify the efficacy of expressive therapies (ET) in sleep disorders in hyperfrequent elderly (HE) of Primary Health Care (PHC). Methods: Quasi-experimental study, with 69 elderly people assisted at PHC in a metropolitan region of the Midwest, divided into two groups: intervention (hyperfrequent elderly) and control (non-hyperfrequent). The sleep questionnaires were used: Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESE), Insomnia severity index (ISI) and STOP-Bang (SB), in addition to the investigation of sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. and related to health services. For data analysis, chi-square tests, multivariate analysis of variance and Wilks’ Lambda test were used, considering p ≤ 0.05. Results: The intervention group (IG) showed a decrease in the scores of PSQI (p = 0.003), ESE (p = 0.006), ISI (p <0.001), SB (p = 0.002) with significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Expressive therapies were effective in hyperfrequent elderly, mitigating sleep disorders. Thus, by reducing sleep disorders in the group of hyperfrequent elderly people using non-pharmacological intervention in PHC, it is possible to improve sleep quality and, consequently, decrease the use of health services, reducing financial costs for the public health system.

scholarly journals Satisfaction of Patients from the Quality Service of Diagnosis of Health Problem in Public Health Institutions of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Milan Gurung ◽  
Arvind Saraswat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Public Health Institutions ◽  
Health Institutions

Health should be the first priority of each people; people can do creative work if s/he is healthy. According to the annual report of the Department of Health Services (DoHS) for fiscal year 2072/73 (2015/2016), the main institutions that delivered basic health services were 104 public hospitals, 303 private hospitals, 202 primary health care centres (PHCCs) and 3,803 health posts. The primary health care services also provided 12,660 primary health care outreach clinic (PHCORC) sites. The health service was affected from the earthquake of April 2015 so the study aims to identify the satisfaction of patient from quality of diagnosis of health problem in public health institutions after earthquake. The study had covered 82 health institutions (45 from Kavre and 37 from Sindhupalchowak district). The statistical result of t-test shows that there was significant difference in approach of doctors (p = .012), and counselling of doctors (p=.043) but there was no difference in answering the queries promptly (p=.187), and explanation given for aliment (p = .180). The descriptive data show slight increase in level of satisfaction of patient after earthquake. Still health posts established in rural setting have inadequate human resource basically doctors are not adequate so Government should provide the trained Doctor in rural areas to increase the access of rural people in health services. 

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