The pharynx

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne

The pharynx is the cranial limit of the alimentary tract and lies behind the nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities – extending from the skull base to the sixth cervical vertebrae. It consists of a thick muscular tube formed from the three constrictor muscles, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus – lined by the pharyngobasilar fascia internally and buccopharyngeal fascia externally. The nasopharynx communicates with the nasal cavity anteriorly and laterally with the middle ear via the eustachian tubes. The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the superior border of the epiglottis below, communicating with the nasopharynx above via the pharyngeal isthmus and oral cavity in front via the oropharyngeal isthmus. It is characterised by Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring. The hypopharynx extends from the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it continues as the oesophagus. Its anterior wall is formed by the inlet of the larynx superiorly and posterior part of the cricoid cartilage inferiorly.

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Fahmi Yunisa ◽  
Murti Indrastuti ◽  
Suparyono Saleh

Latar Belakang. Tindakan pembedahan pada pasien dengan kanker rongga mulut dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya defek di area intra oral dan maksillofasial. Defek tersebut dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya fungsi normal rongga mulut, yaitu mengunyah, bicara dan estetis, serta mengurangi rasa percaya diri. Untuk megatasinya diperlukan rehabilitasi fungsi rongga mulut berupa pembuatan obturator. Tujuan. Rehabilitasi defek pasca bedah pada pasien karsinoma sel skuamosa yang melibatkan palatum keras, sebagian palatum lunak, rongga hidung dan sinus maksilaris. Laporan Kasus dan Penatalaksanaan. Seorang pasien laki-laki, usia 74 tahun, datang ke klinik prostodonsia RSGM UGM, atas rujukan dari RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta, untuk dibuatkan hidung dan penutup untuk langit-langit mulutnya yang terbuka. Pasien merasa malu karena kondisi hidungnya yang hilang dan terbuka, serta susah untuk menelan makanan dan jika berbicara kurang jelas karena langit-langit mulutnya juga hilang/terbuka. Pasien telah menjalani operasi pembedahan hidung dan palatum, karena terdiagnosa karsinoma sel skuamosa. Pemeriksaan obyektif menunjukkan terdapat defek yang cukuo besar pada rongga hidung dan palatum durum dan sebagian palatum molle. Gigi yang tersisa pada rahang atas hanya gigi 23. Perawatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan pembuatan protesa hidung dan obturator. Obturator dibuat dari bahan resin akrilik dengan klamer C pada gigi 23. Untk menambah kekuatan retensi maka ditambahkan magnet di fitting surface obturator yang dilekatkan dengan protesa hidung. Kontrol dilakukan 1 bulan kemudian. Pasien merasa nyaman menggunakan obturator dengan penguat magnet pada protesa hidung. Pasien bisa menelan makanan dan bicaranyapun sudah lebih jelas. Pasien juga merasa obturatornya tidak mudah lepas, ketika menelan makanan maupun saat berbicara. Kesimpulan. Penggunaan obturator dengan magnet dapat mengembalikan fungsi normal rongga mulut akibat defek pasca bedah, serta mengembalikan rasa percaya diri pasien. Background. Surgery in patients with cancer of the oral cavity can result in defects in the area of intra-oral and maxillofacial. Defects can lead to discruption of the normal functions of the oral cavity, ie chewing, talking and aesthetic, as well as reducing confidence. In order to fix the function, the patient needed rehabilitation of oral function such as the manufacture of the obturator. Objective. Postoperative rehabilitation defects in patients with squamous cell carcinoma involving the hard palate, part soft palate, nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus. Case Report and Management. A male patient, aged 74, came to the clinic of prosthodontics Gadjah Mada University Dental Hospital, upon referral from the Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. He wanted to make the nose and the cover for his open mouth roof. He feels embarrassed because of the condition of his nose was missing and open, as well as difficult to swallow food and if he talk was less obvious because of the condition of his nose was missing and open, as well as difficult to swallow food and if he talk was less obvious because the roof of his mouth is also missing/open. He had undergone nose and palate surgery, as diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma. The objective examination shows that there substantial defects in the nasal cavity and hard palate and part of the soft palate. The remaining teeth in the upper jaw only element 23. The treatment that performed in this patient was making the nose and obturator prosthesis. Obturator is made of acrylic resin with C clamer on teeth 23. In order to add strength retention, there was addition of magnet on the obturator fitting surface that attached to the nose prosthesis. The control performed one month later. Patient feels comfortable using the obturator prosthesis with magnetic on nose prosthesis. He can already swallow food again and the talk has been clearer. He also feels comfort since the obturator was not easily escape, while swallowing food or speaking. Conclusion. The use of the obturator with magnets can restore the normal function of the oral cavity caused by post-surgical defect and restore the confidence of the patient.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Vazquez 1 ◽  
Horst Erich König 2 ◽  
Hassen Jerbi 3 ◽  
William Pérez 1

Available information on the anatomy of the respiratory system of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758) is scarce, so the aim of this work was to describe the upper respiratory tract anatomy of this species. The study was performed with 10 adult animals of both sexes and the study method was simple dissection. Pampas deer had a nasolabial plane different to the small domestic ruminants. The nasal cavity had the fundamental conformation of the ruminants with simple winding of the dorsal concha and double winding of the ventral one. The vomeronasal organ communicated directly with the oral cavity by the incisive duct. The larynx was located ventrally to the first two cervical vertebrae. The total length of the larynx was 52.76 ± 7.66 mm from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage. The dorsoventral length was 30.32 ± 3.71 mm. It is necessary to make detailed histological examinations of the distribution of the olfactory epithelium versus non-sensory epithelium within the nasal cavity. These data are essential to understand the function of the turbinates and the nasal cavity in general. In the same way, detailed studies of the physiology of the vomeronasal organ and larynx are necessary. 


Author(s):  
Arwa Kurabi ◽  
Kwang Pak ◽  
Adam S. DeConde ◽  
Allen F. Ryan ◽  
Carol H. Yan

AbstractViral infections have already been implicated with otitis media and sudden sensorineural hearing loss. However, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 as it relates to otologic disorders is not well-defined. With the spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to evaluate its colonization of middle ear mucosa. Middle ear and nasal tissue samples for quantitative RT-PCR and histologic evaluations were obtained from post-mortem COVID-19 patients and non-diseased control patients. Here we present evidence that SARS-CoV-2 colonizes the middle ear epithelium and co-localizes with the primary viral receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Both middle ear and nasal epithelial cells show relatively high expression of ACE2, required for SARS-CoV-2 entry. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was use as a biomarker of epithelia. Furthermore, we found that the viral load in the middle ear is lower than that present in the nasal cavity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e239006
Author(s):  
Daniel Sathiya Sundaram Selvaraj ◽  
Pranay Gaikwad ◽  
Jagadish Ebenezer

Maxillectomy is done for a variety of disease conditions. Reconstruction following maxillectomy is done to restore the form and function. One of the important goals that are to be achieved in reconstruction is the separation of the oral and nasal cavities. In this article, we report the use of palatal flap by preserving the descending palatine artery during bilateral inferior partial maxillectomy, for separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. This technique eliminates the need for an obturator or another free or local flap for this purpose.


2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Hyung Lim ◽  
Doyoun Kim ◽  
Kwang Jae Cho ◽  
Boo Young Kim
Keyword(s):  

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Niemi ◽  
J. Numminen ◽  
M. Rautiainen ◽  
M. Helminen ◽  
H. Vinkka-Puhakka ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soenke J. Hellwig ◽  
Peter W. Iltis ◽  
Arun A. Joseph ◽  
Dirk Voit ◽  
Jens Frahm ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The embouchure of trumpet players is of utmost importance for tone production and quality of playing. It requires skilled coordination of lips, facial muscles, tongue, oral cavity, larynx and breathing and has to be maintained by steady practice. In rare cases, embouchure dystonia (EmD), a highly task specific movement disorder, may cause deterioration of sound quality and reduced control of tongue and lip movements. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of this movement disorder, we use real-time MRI to analyse differences in tongue movements between healthy trumpet players and professional players with embouchure dystonia. Methods Real-time MRI videos (with sound recording) were acquired at 55 frames per second, while 10 healthy subjects and 4 patients with EmD performed a defined set of exercises on an MRI-compatible trumpet inside a 3 Tesla MRI system. To allow for a comparison of tongue movements between players, temporal changes of MRI signal intensities were analysed along 7 standardized positions of the tongue using a customised MATLAB toolkit. Detailed results of movements within the oral cavity during performance of an ascending slurred 11-note harmonic series are presented. Results Playing trumpet in the higher register requires a very precise and stable narrowing of the free oral cavity. For this purpose the anterior section of the tongue is used as a valve in order to speed up airflow in a controlled manner. Conversely, the posterior part of the tongue is much less involved in the regulation of air speed. The results further demonstrate that healthy trumpet players control movements of the tongue rather precisely and stable during a sustained tone, whereas trumpet players with EmD exhibit much higher variability in tongue movements. Conclusion Control of the anterior tongue in trumpet playing emerges as a critical feature for regulating air speed and, ultimately, achieving a high-quality performance. In EmD the observation of less coordinated tongue movements suggests the presence of compensatory patterns in an attempt to regulate (or correct) pitch. Increased variability of the anterior tongue could be an objective sign of dystonia that has to be examined in further studies and extended to other brass instruments and may be also a potential target for therapy options.


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