Vibrio alginolyticus in marine foods of animal origin from establishments in the port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico

To determine if the marine foods of animal origin that are sold in establishments in the port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico, represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia. Three hundred and ninety seafood samples were studied: [298 (76.41%) raw, 8 (2.05%) marinated without heat, 77 (19.74%) partially cooked with heat and 7 (1.79%) completely cooked with heat]. For the homogenization and enrichment of the samples, as well as for the isolation and identification of the Vibrio alginolyticus species, we proceeded according to the methodology described in the eighth edition of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA). The criteria used in conducting the hypothesis tests for the difference between two percentages was based on the recommendations made by Cochran. The prevalences obtained in raw seafood, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat and completely cooked with heat were, respectively, 7.72% (23/298), 0.00% (0/8), 7.79% (6/77) and 0.00% (0/7). In 29 (7.44%) samples an equal number of strains were isolated whose biochemical characteristics corresponded to the Vibrio alginolyticus species. It is concluded that raw seafood and partially cooked seafood represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia.

Estimation of the Antibiotic Activity against Pseudomonas sppIsolated from Ear Infection

Background: An ear infection, can be classified into otitis externs and otitis media, this affects all age groups especially infants and young. This infection associate with pathogenic microorganism type, frequent antibiotic uses, health care and age. The most common pathogenic bacteria of the ear infection are Pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic resistance represents a serious threat to the health of humans. Methods: 48 ear swabs were collected through the use of wooden sticks in a sterile container for the identification of Pseudomonas, Serratiaand Klebsiella species by VITEK 2 system and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility against these bacterial species was detected through the method of standard disk diffusion on the Moller Hinton agar. Results: Among ear swabs, the positive growth percentage of the pathogenic gram-negative bacteria was 29.166%, and the percentage of Pseudomonas spp. was 57.142%. Males were found to be more susceptible than females with an infection percentage of 57.142%. Conclusion: The antibiotic susceptibility patterns show the azithromycin, gentamycin, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, ceftriazon, and gentamycin have activity against Pseudomonas spp.

998Use of antibiotics in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories in children

Background Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy can exercise a teratogenic effect on foetuses. Middle ear infection represents the most common cause of physician visits for sick children. Its patterns may be partly explained by antibiotics use during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the associations between antibiotics use in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories. Methods Design & Participants: Birth cohort assessed biennially from 2004 to 2014 spanning ages 0-1 to 10-11 years in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Measures: Mothers-reported antibiotics use in pregnancy; Parent-reported ongoing ear infections (waves 1 to 6). Analysis: Latent class models identified ear infection trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression quantified associations between antibiotics use in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories. Results of the 4500 included children (mean age at baseline wave 0.7 years, 51.3% boys), 10.4% had parent-reported antibiotics use in pregnancy. Four probability trajectories of ear infection emerged: “consistently low” (86.2%), “moderate to low” (5.6%), “low to moderate” (6.7%), and “consistently high” (1.4%). Antibiotics use in pregnancy was associated children following “moderate to low” (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.6) and “consistently high” (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.0) trajectories. Conclusions Antibiotics use in pregnancy increases the risk of persistent and early ear infections in the offspring, implying that reducing unnecessary antibiotics use during pregnancy may prevent childhood ear infections. Additional information on classes and timing of antibiotics exposure at different stages of pregnancy and ear infections resistance could further explain this relationship and inform interventional studies. Key messages Antibiotics use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of persistent and early ear infections in the offspring.

566Ear infection trajectories and academic, behavioural and quality of life outcomes: A population-based longitudinal study

Background Middle ear infection is a common disease in childhood. Outcomes might vary by its patterns and persistence over time. We aimed to investigate 1) typical trajectories of ear infections throughout childhood and 2) their associations with child outcomes. Methods Design & Participants: Two parallel cohorts assessed biennially from 2004 to 2014 spanning ages 0-1 to 10-11 years (B cohort, n = 3721) and ages 4-5 to 14-15 years (K cohort, n = 3489) in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Ear infection: Parent-reported ongoing ear infections (B: waves 1-6; K: waves 1, 2, 4, 5). Outcomes (wave 6): National academic standardized test, teacher-reported learning, parent and teacher-reported behaviour and self-reported quality of life. Analysis: Latent class models identified ear infection trajectories. Linear regression quantified associations between trajectories and outcomes. Results Four probability trajectories of ear infection emerged in both cohorts: “consistently low” (B 86.2%, K 87.0%), “moderate to low” (5.5%, 9.7%), “low to moderate” (7.0%, 1.5%), and “consistently high” (1.4%, 1.8%). In K cohort, the “consistently high” group had the worst outcomes (effect sizes 0.2-0.8 SDs), with effect sizes largest for psychosocial and language outcomes. “Moderate to low” and “low to moderate” groups showed no to marginal academic associations, but behaviour and quality of life were 0.2-0.3 SDs poorer than the “consistently low” group. Similar but attenuated associations were seen in B cohort. Conclusions Sizable adverse outcomes followed the consistently high trajectory, suggesting cumulative rather than age-dependent burden. Additional information about comorbidities, predictors and objective presence of ear infections could inform causal relationships. Key messages Parent-reported ear infections follow four childhood trajectories (consistently low, moderate to low, low to moderate, consistently high). Sizable adverse outcomes follow the consistently high trajectory.

Is the surge in respiratory syncytial virus related to the COVID-19 pandemic? a clinical-based review

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been around for many years. Symptoms of the virus includes: cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, and a possible ear infection. Often times, the patient presents with bronchiolitis, which eventually escalates to RSV. Children most commonly affected by RSV are between the ages of 0-2. In December 2019, the first case of SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in China. Normally, the RSV virus sparks around the winter months; however, throughout the COVID -19 pandemic, RSV was at its all-time low. When SARS-CoV-2 started to decline in early April 2021, there was a spike in the respiratory syncytial virus among children.

Hearing Loss in Id1−/−; Id3+/− and Id1+/−; Id3−/− Mice Is Associated With a High Incidence of Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media)

Inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins are crucial for inner ear development, but whether Id mutations affect middle ear function remains unknown. In this study, we obtained Id1−/−; Id3+/− mice and Id1+/−; Id3−/− mice and carefully examined their middle ear morphology and auditory function. Our study revealed a high incidence (>50%) of middle ear infection in the compound mutant mice. These mutant mice demonstrated hearing impairment starting around 30 days of age, as the mutant mice presented elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds compared to those of the littermate controls. The distortion product of otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was also used to evaluate the conductive function of the middle ear, and we found much lower DPOAE amplitudes in the mutant mice, suggesting sound transduction in the mutant middle ear is compromised. This is the first study of the middle ears of Id compound mutant mice, and high incidence of middle ear infection determined by otoscopy and histological analysis of middle ear suggests that Id1/Id3 compound mutant mice are a novel model for human otitis media (OM).

Patient-Reported Control of Asthma, Nasal Polyposis, and Middle-Ear Symptoms in NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)—exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is an adult-onset inflammatory condition of the upper and lower airways. It is characterized by the co-existence of asthma, nasal polyposis, and hypersensitivity to NSAIDs. Over one-fourth of patients also have symptoms of chronic middle-ear infection. The clinical course of NERD is often severe and generally requires multimodal treatment with recurrent surgical measures. Studies presenting the disease burden and subjective symptom control of NERD are limited. In this qualitative questionnaire study, we present the clinical characteristics of asthma, nasal polyposis, NSAID intolerance and possible recurrent or chronic middle-ear infection of 66 confirmed NERD patients treated at our tertiary referral center between January 2016 and May 2017. Additionally, we present the patient-reported disease control of asthma, nasal polyposis, and middle-ear symptoms on a four-category Likert scale. The proportion of NERD patients with recurrent or chronic middle-ear infection was 18%. The proportion of good or very good subjective disease control was 83% for asthma, 58% for nasal polyposis, and 33% for chronic middle-ear infection, if present. Chronic middle-ear infection is common among NERD patients and should more often be recognized as part of the entity. Together with nasal polyposis, chronic middle-ear infection seems to affect patients more than asthma. The patient's perspective of disease control should be considered when planning the interdisciplinary follow-up and treatment of NERD.

Vibrio Alginolyticus in Marine Foods of Animal Origin From Establishments in the Port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico

To determine if the marine foods of animal origin that are sold in establishments in the port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico, represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia. Three hundred and ninety seafood samples were studied: [298 (76.41%) raw, 8 (2.05%) marinated without heat, 77 (19.74%) partially cooked with heat and 7 (1.79%) completely cooked with heat]. For the homogenization and enrichment of the samples, as well as for the isolation and identification of the Vibrio alginolyticus species, we proceeded according to the methodology described in the eighth edition of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA). The criteria used in conducting the hypothesis tests for the difference between two percentages was based on the recommendations made by Cochran. The prevalences obtained in raw seafood, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat and completely cooked with heat were, respectively, 7.72% (23/298), 0.00% (0/8), 7.79% (6/77) and 0.00% (0/7). In 29 (7.44%) samples an equal number of strains were isolated whose biochemical characteristics corresponded to the Vibrio alginolyticus species. It is concluded that raw seafood and partially cooked seafood represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia.

Biannual Differences in Interest Peaks for Web Inquiries Into Ear Pain and Ear Drops: Infodemiology Study

Background The data retrieved with the online search engine, Google Trends, can summarize internet inquiries into specified search terms. This engine may be used for analyzing inquiry peaks for different medical conditions and symptoms. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze World Wide Web interest peaks for “ear pain,” “ear infection,” and “ear drops.” Methods We used Google Trends to assess the public online interest for search terms “ear pain,” “ear infection,” and “ear drops” in 5 English and non–English-speaking countries from both hemispheres based on time series data. We performed our analysis for the time frame between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2019. First, we assessed whether our search terms were most relevant to the topics of ear pain, ear infection, and ear drops. We then tested the reliability of Google Trends time series data using the intraclass correlation coefficient. In a second step, we computed univariate time series plots to depict peaks in web-based interest. In the last step, we used the cosinor analysis to test the statistical significance of seasonal interest peaks. Results In the first part of the study, it was revealed that “ear infection,” “ear pain,” and “ear drops” were the most relevant search terms in the noted time frame. Next, the intraclass correlation analysis showed a moderate to excellent reliability for all 5 countries’ 3 primary search terms. The subsequent analysis revealed winter interest peaks for “ear infection” and “ear pain”. On the other hand, the World Wide Web search for “ear drops” peaked annually during the summer months. All peaks were statistically significant as revealed by the cosinor model (all P values <.001). Conclusions It can be concluded that individuals affected by otitis media or externa, possibly the majority, look for medical information online. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and easily accessible information on these conditions in the World Wide Web, particularly on differentiating signs and therapy options. Meeting this need may facilitate timely diagnosis, proper therapy, and eventual circumvention of potentially life-threatening complications.

Vibrio alginolyticus in marine foods of animal origin from establishments in the port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico

To determine if the marine foods of animal origin that are sold in establishments in the port of Chabihau, Yucatan, Mexico, represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia. Three hundred and ninety seafood samples were studied: [298 (76.41%) raw, 8 (2.05%) marinated without heat, 77 (19.74%) partially cooked with heat and 7 (1.79%) completely cooked with heat]. For the homogenization and enrichment of the samples, as well as for the isolation and identification of the Vibrio alginolyticus species, we proceeded according to the methodology described in the eighth edition of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA). The criteria used in conducting the hypothesis tests for the difference between two percentages was based on the recommendations made by Cochran. The prevalences obtained in raw seafood, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat and completely cooked with heat were, respectively, 7.72% (23/298), 0.00% (0/8), 7.79% (6/77) and 0.00% (0/7). In 29 (7.44%) samples an equal number of strains were isolated whose biochemical characteristics corresponded to the Vibrio alginolyticus species. It is concluded that raw seafood and partially cooked seafood represent potential risk factors for the Vibrio alginolyticus species for the development of acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and primary septicemia.