Multisystem diseases and infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 673-766
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ashley ◽  
Caryn Bern ◽  
Margaret Borok ◽  
Helen Brotherton ◽  
Francois Chappuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Severe Fever

Differential diagnosis of fevers?, Fever without localizing features?, Sepsis?, Cancer?, General rules of cancer management?, Rheumatoid arthritis?, Osteoarthritis?, Systemic lupus erythematosus?, Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers?, Rickettsioses?, Bartonella?, Ehrlichia?, Coxiella?, Relapsing fevers?, Leptospirosis?, Brucellosis?, Plague?, Melioidosis?, Anthrax?, African trypanosomiasis?, American trypanosomiasis?, Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)?, Infectious mononucleosis?, Measles?, Arboviruses and zoonotic haemorrhagic fever viruses , Ebola and Marburg virus diseases, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, Hantavirus infections, Severe fever and thrombocytopenia, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis , Dengue virus, Yellow fever, West Nile virus , Kyasanur Forest Disease, Chikungunya, Ross River fever, O'nyong nyong

scholarly journals Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of haemorrhagic fever viruses and bioterrorism-related haemorrhagic fever viruses

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 29-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bossi ◽  
A Tegnell ◽  
A Baka ◽  
F van Loock ◽  
J Hendriks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
New World ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Forest Disease ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

Haemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are a diverse group of viruses that cause a clinical disease associated with fever and bleeding disorder. HFVs that are associated with a potential biological threat are Ebola and Marburg viruses (Filoviridae), Lassa fever and New World arenaviruses (Machupo, Junin, Guanarito and Sabia viruses) (Arenaviridae), Rift Valley fever (Bunyaviridae) and yellow fever, Omsk haemorrhagic fever, and Kyanasur Forest disease (Flaviviridae). In terms of biological warfare concerning dengue, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Hantaviruses, there is not sufficient knowledge to include them as a major biological threat. Dengue virus is the only one of these that cannot be transmitted via aerosol. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and the agents of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome appear difficult to weaponise. Ribavirin is recommended for the treatment and the prophylaxis of the arenaviruses and the bunyaviruses, but is not effective for the other families. All patients must be isolated and receive intensive supportive therapy.

Antiviral Therapy of Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arbovirus Infections

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
Mike Bray ◽  
John Huggins
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever

RNA viruses of the families Arena-, Bunya-, Filo-, Flavi-and Togaviridae cause illness in humans ranging from mild, non-specific febrile syndromes to fulminant, lethal haemorrhagic fever. They are transmitted from animals to humans and from human to human by arthropods, aerosols or contact with body fluids. Antiviral compounds, convalescent plasma and interferon inhibit many of these agents in vitro and in virus-infected animals. Drug or plasma treatment is now in use for several human diseases, and would probably be beneficial for a number of others for which there is only limited treatment experience. Success is linked to early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Ribavirin is used to treat Lassa fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and would probably be effective for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and for all New World arenavirus diseases. The value of ribavirin in the early treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is under evaluation. Convalescent plasma is the therapy of choice for Argentine haemorrhagic fever, and would also probably be effective for other New World arenaviruses and some other infections if a safe supply of plasma could be maintained. Ribavirin and interferon-α have both shown protective efficacy in non-human primates infected with Rift Valley fever virus. No effective therapy has yet been identified for filovirus infections, but results in animal models are encouraging. More clinical research is urgently needed. Even if placebo-controlled drug trials cannot be performed, conscientious reports of the results of therapy in limited numbers of patients can still provide evidence of antiviral drug effects.

Could Australian ticks harbour emerging viral pathogens?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Caitlin A O'Brien ◽  
Roy A Hall ◽  
Ala Lew-Tabor
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Severe Fever

Tick-borne viruses contribute significantly to the disease burden in Europe, Asia and the US. Historically, some of the most well-known viruses from this group include the human pathogens, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. More recently multiple emerging tick-borne viruses have been associated with severe disease in humans with Bourbon virus and Heartland virus isolated from patients in the US and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus reported from China, Japan, and South Korea. Such examples highlight the need for broader approaches to survey arthropod pathogens, to encompass not only known but novel pathogens circulating in Australian tick populations.

Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Malaria Co-Infections Among Febrile Patients Seeking Health Care in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Rugarabamu ◽  
Susan F. Rumisha ◽  
Gaspary O. Mwanyika ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Hee-Young Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Rapid Diagnostics ◽  
Valley Fever

Abstract Background: In recent years there have been reports of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa where malaria is endemic. VHF and malaria have overlapping clinical presentations making differential diagnosis a challenge. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of selected zoonotic VHFs and malaria co-infections among febrile patients seeking health care in Tanzania. Methods: This facility-based cross-section study was carried out in Buhigwe, Kalambo, Kyela, Kilindi, Kinondoni, Kondoa, Mvomero, and Ukerewe districts in Tanzania. The study involved febrile patients seeking health care from primary healthcare facilities. Blood samples were collected and tested for infections due to malaria, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola virus disease (EVD), Marburg virus disease (MVD), Rift Valley fever (RVF) and yellow fever (YF). Malaria infections were tested using rapid diagnostics tests while exposure to VHFs was determined by screening for immunoglobulin M antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: A total of 308 participants (mean age=35±18.9 years) were involved in the study. Of these, 54 (17.5%) had malaria infection and 15 (4.8%) were positive for IgM antibodies against VHFs (RVF=8; CCHF=2; EBV=3; MBV=1; YF=1). Six (1.9%) individuals had both VHF (RVF=2; CCHF=1; EVD=2; MVD=1) and malaria infections. The highest co-infection prevalence (0.6%), was observed among individuals aged 46-60 years (p<0.05). District was significantly associated with co-infection (p<0.05) with the highest prevalence recorded in Buhigwe (1.2%) followed by Kinondoni (0.9%) districts. Headache (100%) and muscle, bone, back and joint pains (83.3%) were the most significant complaints among those infected with both VHFs and malaria (p=0.001). Conclusions: Co-infections of VHF and malaria are prevalent in Tanzania and affect more the older than the younger population. Since the overlapping symptoms in co-infected individuals may challenge accurate diagnosis, adequate laboratory diagnosis should be emphasized in the management of febrile illnesses.

Molecular and biochemical studies of the evolution, infection and transmission of insect bunyaviruses

1988 ◽  
Vol 321 (1207) ◽  
pp. 463-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Genetic Level

Members of the Bunyaviridae family of RNA viruses (bunyaviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, phleboviruses and uukuviruses) have been studied at the molecular and genetic level to understand the basis of their evolution and infection in vertebrate and invertebrate (arthropod) hosts. With the exception of the hantaviruses, these viruses infect and are transmitted by a variety of blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, phlebotomines, gnats, ticks, etc.). The viruses are responsible for infection of various vertebrate species, occasionally causing human disease, morbidity and mortality (e.g. Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Korean haemorrhagic fever). Genetic and molecular analyses of bunyaviruses have established the coding assignments of the three viral RNA species and documented which viral gene products determine host range and virulence. Ecological studies, with molecular techniques, have provided evidence for bunyavirus evolution in nature through genetic drift (involving the accumulation of point mutations) and shift (RNA- segment reassortment).

CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER AND RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN SOUTH-EASTERN MAURITANIA

The Lancet ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 325 (8420) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F Saluzzo ◽  
J.P Digoutte ◽  
J.L Camicas ◽  
G Chauvancy
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

ISOLATION OF CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER AND RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUSES IN UPPER VOLTA

The Lancet ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 323 (8387) ◽  
pp. 1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Saluzzo ◽  
J.P. Digoutte ◽  
M. Cornet ◽  
D. Baudon ◽  
J. Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Upper Volta

scholarly journals Epilogue: What The Future Holds

2021 ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Dorothy H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
The Future ◽  
Health Organization

This concluding chapter explores what the future holds for emerging viruses. Clearly, emerging viruses are on the rise, so we urgently need to find out why they are emerging so frequently and how to stop them. We know that they are generally zoonotic, having jumped to us from an animal source. Broadly speaking, the reason for the rise in these spillover events and subsequent spread is twofold: human population growth and increased international travel. The World Health Organization (WHO) regularly publishes a list of potential emerging diseases investigation into which requires urgent research and development. Presently this includes COVID-19, Ebola and related Marburg virus diseases, Lassa fever, MERS, SARS, Nipah and related henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, Zika, and Disease X (the latter meaning a hitherto unknown disease). But while most would agree that it is sensible to encourage research into these potential epidemic viruses, the most likely candidate to cause the next epidemic or pandemic is Virus X—a ‘new’ virus causing Disease X. The chapter then briefly mentions the founding of the Global Alliance Vaccine Initiative (GAVI) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), both of which aim to prepare vaccines against emerging infections and to enable equitable access to them.

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