Scope and Principles of Neuropsychiatry in the Young

Author(s):  
Eric Taylor

This chapter introduces the concept of neurodevelopmental disorders, a group of conditions characterized by onset in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. Genetic influences are strong and male gender predominates. Such disorders are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. They used to be regarded as distinct categories of disturbance, but a modern understanding has established them as common conditions, frequently present together and having continuous distribution in the population. Attention disorders, the spectrum of autism, intellectual and learning deficits, language disorders, and abnormalities of movement all figure and commonly account for difficulties in education and the development of problems in personal relationships.

Author(s):  
Jack Dempsey ◽  
Amy K. Barton ◽  
Allison G. Dempsey ◽  
Stephanie Chapman

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions that manifest in early childhood and are associated with differences in brain development. They are associated with difficulties with learning, movement, language, or social behaviors. This chapter provides school-based clinicians with a broad overview of neurodevelopmental disorders that present in early childhood, with a particular focus on those associated with specific underlying medical conditions. The reviewed medical conditions and complications include genetic and congenital anomalies, cerebral palsy, and preterm birth. For each of the varying medical complications and conditions, the chapter discusses the assessment and management of the associated neurodevelopmental difficulties, with a focus on applications for the school setting. The chapter ends with a broad overview of school-based intervention strategies and approaches that are commonly implemented when working with children with neurodevelopmental disorders.


1958 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Jane Miller Kerina

The first two articles under this head outline positive values and problems in segregated and non-segregated settings, respectively, in early childhood education. The third article deals with two tendencies in parents and teachers that complicate the choice of setting. These papers were presented in February at the Third Institute of the Social Service and Groupwork and Recreation Departments of the New York Guild for the Jewish Blind. Summary In the segregated nursery school setting the blind child can learn at his own speed and in an atmosphere of understanding of his particular needs to begin to master the elements of his environment and thereby achieve a feeling of accomplishment. Within this setting this child can grow into an awareness of himself as a person of value and also begin to become aware of his limitations among others similarly limited. He becomes increasingly secure in personal relationships and if he has been treated honestly he will certainly have the ability to move without undue fear into the sighted or integrated setting. It must be remembered that the segregated setting is not the real world and that the blind child's presence here is temporary and for a special purpose.


Author(s):  
Rosemary Tannock

ADHD and communication disorders are both common neurodevelopmental disorders that often co-occur. Comorbidity (i.e. co-occurrence or two or more disorders in a person) is potentially important for the theory, the underlying aetiology, treatment, and prevention of the disorders. This chapter first reviews the extent of co-occurrence between ADHD and various subtypes of communication disorders (language disorders, speech sound disorders, social pragmatic communication disorders), along with their clinical manifestation. Next, the extant evidence to support or refute various models of comorbidity (i.e. artifactual versus non-artifactual) is reviewed and critiqued. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of co-occurring communication disorders and ADHD for the clinical assessment and management of ADHD.


1986 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Perris ◽  
Sonja Holmgren ◽  
Lars von Knorring ◽  
Hjördis Perris

The incidence of parental loss by death before the age of 15 was investigated in a series of 200 depressed patients, sub-divided into unipolars, bipolars and neurotic-reactive depressives, and in their healthy siblings at risk. The age of onset of illness of patients who had lost a parent before 15 was compared with that of depressed controls. No excess of parental loss at any age was found in any of the patient sub-groups, as compared with their healthy siblings, nor did parental loss affect the age of onset of later depression. The results do not support the assumption that the loss of either parent by death in early childhood is significantly associated with depression in adult life, though parental death may be an important variable for individual patients.


2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2171-2179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Lewis ◽  
R. Plomin

BackgroundAlthough behavioural problems (e.g. anxiety, conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems) are known to be heritable both in early childhood and in adolescence, limited work has examined prediction across these ages, and none using a genetically informative sample.MethodWe examined, first, whether parental ratings of behavioural problems (indexed by the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire) at ages 4, 7, 9, 12, and 16 years were stable across these ages. Second, we examined the extent to which stability reflected genetic or environmental effects through multivariate quantitative genetic analysis on data from a large (n > 3000) population (UK) sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.ResultsBehavioural problems in early childhood (age 4 years) showed significant associations with the corresponding behavioural problem at all subsequent ages. Moreover, stable genetic influences were observed across ages, indicating that biological bases underlying behavioural problems in adolescence are underpinned by genetic influences expressed as early as age 4 years. However, genetic and environmental innovations were also observed at each age.ConclusionThese observations indicate that genetic factors are important for understanding stable individual differences in behavioural problems across childhood and adolescence, although novel genetic influences also facilitate change in such behaviours.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e6433
Author(s):  
Joedson Brito Dos Santos

O presente texto é parte de um trabalho de tese desenvolvido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) que objetivou analisar em que medida o Fundeb se constituía uma política pública capaz de financiar adequadamente a expansão do atendimento à educação infantil no município de João Pessoa, PB. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho bibliográfico com objetivo de problematizar o paradigma do capital humano aplicado à primeira infância e compreendido como desenvolvimento de capacidade que prepara crianças para a vida adulta, para o mercado e para geração de valor econômico dos indivíduos e de um país. Constatou-se que, a atenção, a educação e o desenvolvimento da criança têm sido considerados uma solução para os problemas sociais e para o desenvolvimento econômico sustentável, pois gera significativos retornos econômicos e elimina a desigualdade. Entretanto, os pressupostos, as orientações e os programas direcionados para a infância são desenvolvidos por meio de propostas assistencialistas e compensatórias para países em desenvolvimento e com foco no alívio à pobreza. Por isso, é comum encontrar nesses países, instituições com infraestrutura inadequada, profissionais pouco qualificados e modelos de atendimento focalizado na família. Palavras-chave: Investimento na Infância, Alívio à Pobreza, Direito à Educação, Viés Econômico.    Assumptions of the Human Capital paradigm applied to Early Childhood                         ABSTRACT. The present text is part of a thesis developed in the Graduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) that aimed to analyze the extent to which the Fundeb constituted a public policy capable of adequately financing the expansion of attendance to education in the municipality of João Pessoa, PB. It is a qualitative bibliographical research aimed at problematizing the human capital paradigm applied to early childhood and understood as capacity development that prepares children for adult life, for the market and for generating economic value of individuals and for a country. It has been found that child care, education and development have been considered as a solution to social problems and to sustainable economic development since it generates significant economic returns and eliminates inequality. However, assumptions, orientations and programs directed towards childhood are developed through assistance and compensatory proposals for developing countries with a focus on alleviating poverty. Therefore, it is common to find in these countries institutions with inadequate infrastructure, low-skilled professionals and family-focused models of care. Keywords: Investment in Childhood, Poverty Alleviation, Right to Education, Economic Bias.   Presupuestos del paradigma del Capital Humano aplicados a la Primera Infancia RESUMEN. El presente texto es parte de un trabajo de tesis desarrollado en el Programa de Postgrado en Educación de la Universidad Federal de Paraíba (UFPB) que objetivó analizar en qué medida el Fundeb se constituía una política pública capaz de financiar adecuadamente la expansión de la atención a la educación en el municipio de João Pessoa, PB. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de cuño bibliográfico con el objetivo de problematizar el paradigma del capital humano aplicado a la primera infancia y comprendido como desarrollo de capacidad que prepara a los niños para la vida adulta, para el mercado y para la generación de valor económico de los individuos y de un país. Se constató que la atención, la educación y el desarrollo del niño han sido considerados una solución a los problemas sociales y al desarrollo económico sostenible pues, genera significativos retornos económicos y elimina la desigualdad. Sin embargo, los presupuestos, las orientaciones y los programas dirigidos a la infancia se desarrollan a través de propuestas asistencialistas y compensatorias para los países en desarrollo y centrándose en el alivio de la pobreza. Por eso, es común encontrar en esos países, instituciones con infraestructura inadecuada, profesionales poco cualificados y modelos de atención enfocados en la familia. Palabras clave: Investimento en la Infancia; Alivio a la Pobreza, Dirección a la Educación, Economía Económica.


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