From Altered Function to Restriction of Life

2021 ◽  
pp. 335-374
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Mental Function ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Peer Cultures ◽  
Over Time

This chapter traces the development of children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders through their later childhood and teenage years. The pattern and severity of impairments in mental function influence their course over time. In addition, the courses fluctuate in response to a series of encounters with potentially harmful influences. Stigma is widespread in many cultures. Physical illness and injury and premature mortality are consequences of several psychiatric syndromes. Economic disadvantage is more frequent for families of disabled people and interacts with other family stresses. Transitions into school, peer cultures, puberty, work, and the virtual world of the internet all tend to take different forms for those whose brain functions are altered by comparison with the rest of the population. All these can be responsible for adverse outcomes of children and young people.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Elaine Chase ◽  
Jennifer Allsopp
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Unaccompanied Children ◽  
Youth Migration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This introductory chapter provides an overview of youth migration. Youth migration needs to be understood in relation to its negative drivers of persecution, violence, and unsustainable lives in countries of origin, factors that motivated the flights of many young people. But at the same time, there is a need to recognize that such adversity also fuels individual and collective dreams and aspirations for better lives. Without acknowledging this, politicians will struggle to formulate meaningful and workable asylum and immigration policies. The chapter then briefly outlines the differing journeys that young people took in order to arrive in Europe. The chapter explains that the book focuses on how asylum, immigration, and social care procedures are operationalized once unaccompanied children and young people arrive in the UK and Italy, and the impact that these bureaucratic processes have on them over time.

scholarly journals Qualitative study: patients’ and parents’ views on brain tumour MRIs

2019 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2019-317306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Tyldesley-Marshall ◽  
Sheila Greenfield ◽  
Susan Neilson ◽  
Martin English ◽  
Jenny Adamski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
No Value ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Parent Preferences ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundMRI is essential to the clinical management of children and young people with brain tumours. Advances in technology have made images more complicated to interpret, yet more easily available digitally. It is common practice to show these to patients and families, but how they emotionally respond to, understand and value, seeing brain tumour MRIs has not been formally studied.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 14 families (8 patients, 15 parents) purposively sampled from paediatric patients (0 to 18 years) attending a large UK children’s hospital for treatment or monitoring of a brain tumour. Transcripts were analysed thematically using the Framework Method.ResultsFour themes were identified: Receiving results (waiting for results, getting results back, preferences to see images), Emotional responses to MRIs, Understanding of images (what they can show, what they cannot show, confusion) and Value of MRIs (aesthetics, aiding understanding, contextualised knowledge/emotional benefits, enhanced control, enhanced working relationships, no value). All families found value in seeing MRIs, including reassurance, hope, improved understanding and enhanced feeling of control over the condition. However emotional responses varied enormously.ConclusionsClinical teams should always explain MRIs after ‘framing’ the information. This should minimise participant confusion around meaning, periodically evident even after many years. Patient and parent preferences for being shown MRIs varied, and often changed over time, therefore clinicians should identify, record and update these preferences. Time between scanning and receiving the result was stressful causing ‘scanxiety’, but most prioritised accuracy over speed of receiving results.

scholarly journals Sleep difficulties in children with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a systematic review of characteristics and associated factors

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hibberd ◽  
Tony Charman ◽  
Raj Seraya Bhatoa ◽  
Sinem Tekes ◽  
Tammy Hedderly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Chronic Tic Disorders ◽  
Sleep Difficulties

Abstract Sleep difficulties are common in children and young people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders (TS/CTD). However, it is unclear whether sleep problems can be considered typical of the TS/CTD phenotype or whether they reflect concomitant factors such as individual patient characteristics (e.g. medication use), underlying neurodevelopmental disorders and/or co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. To help address this question, this review systematically explored types and frequency of sleep problems in children and young people with TS/CTD, while also examining the heterogeneity and methodological quality of studies. Psycinfo, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using a range of terms relating to tics, sleep and co-occurring psychopathology. Studies were considered that included a sample of children with TS/CTD (n > 5) for whom sleep difficulties were measured. Eighteen studies met criteria for inclusion in the review. Findings supported the high prevalence of sleep difficulties in children with TS/CTD, though estimates of sleep difficulties ranged from 9.7% to 80.4%. Twelve studies reported on other factors affecting sleep in this patient group including tic severity, comorbid psychopathological or neurodevelopmental disorders and medication use. Studies varied in terms of methodology, sample characteristics and research quality, but most concluded that children with TS/CTD experienced high levels of sleep difficulties with children with co-occurring anxiety most at risk. The current review highlights the need for further empirical investigation of sleep in children with TS/CTS, with a view to informing understanding and clinical management.

scholarly journals “Listen to What We Have to Say”: Children and Young People’s Perspectives on Urban Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Siobhan O'Sullivan ◽  
Cathal O'Connell ◽  
Lorcan Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The People ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Community Shifts ◽  
Housing Estates

There is an important body of research that explores the contested understandings of urban regeneration programmes in areas of socio-economic disadvantage. While poor housing and living conditions must be tackled, regeneration programmes have been criticised for their destructive and displacement impacts on communities, their lack of public consultation and their reinforcement of the stigmatization of poor areas that draws “attention away from the structural and institutional failures that produce and reproduce poverty” and inequality (Hancock & Mooney, 2013, p. 59). However, much of the literature focuses on the understandings and perspectives of adult residents in regeneration areas. This article explores the views of young residents from ages 6 to 19 in Knocknaheeny, one of the largest social housing estates in Cork City in the South of Ireland, which is undergoing a regeneration programme. Through a series of creative methods, the research reveals the distinctive analysis these children and young people have on their community, the change it is undergoing, issues of poverty, stigma and exclusion, and their lack of involvement in the decision-making process. Taken together, these children and young people generate an analysis that is strikingly reminiscent of Wacquant’s (2008) concept of ‘territorial stigma.’ They clearly cite how the misrecognition and devaluation of their neighbourhood and community shifts responsibility for decline away from the institutional failings of the local authority and state, back toward the people who live there.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Web-Based Interventions Delivered to Children and Young People With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kareem Khan ◽  
Charlotte L Hall ◽  
E Bethan Davies ◽  
Chris Hollis ◽  
Cris Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Children And Young People

BACKGROUND The prevalence of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been increasing over the last four decades. Nonpharmacological interventions are available that can improve outcomes and reduce associated symptoms such as anxiety, but these are often difficult to access. Children and young people are using the internet and digital technology at higher rates than any other demographic, but although Web-based interventions have the potential to improve health outcomes in those with long-term conditions, no previous reviews have investigated the effectiveness of Web-based interventions delivered to children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the effectiveness of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Web-based interventions delivered to children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS Six databases and one trial register were searched in August and September 2018. RCTs were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Interventions were included if they (1) aimed to improve the diagnostic symptomology of the targeted neurodevelopmental disorder or associated psychological symptoms as measured by a valid and reliable outcome measure; (2) were delivered on the Web; (3) targeted a youth population (aged ≤18 years or reported a mean age of ≤18 years) with a diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder. Methodological quality was rated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for RCTs. RESULTS Of 5140 studies retrieved, 10 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Half of the interventions were delivered to children and young people with ASDs with the other five targeting ADHD, tic disorder, dyscalculia, and specific learning disorder. In total, 6 of the 10 trials found that a Web-based intervention was effective in improving condition-specific outcomes or reducing comorbid psychological symptoms in children and young people. The 4 trials that failed to find an effect were all delivered by apps. The meta-analysis was conducted on five of the trials and did not show a significant effect, with a high level of heterogeneity detected (n=182 [33.4%, 182/545], 5 RCTs; pooled standardized mean difference=–0.39; 95% CI –0.98 to 0.20; Z=–1.29; <italic>P</italic>=.19 [I<sup>2</sup>=72%; <italic>P</italic>=.006]). CONCLUSIONS Web-based interventions can be effective in reducing symptoms in children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders; however, caution should be taken when interpreting these findings owing to methodological limitations, the minimal number of papers retrieved, and small samples of included studies. Overall, the number of studies was small and mainly limited to ASD, thus restricting the generalizability of the findings. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: CRD42018108824; http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018108824

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Web-Based Interventions Delivered to Children and Young People With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.2196/13478 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. e13478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kareem Khan ◽  
Charlotte L Hall ◽  
E Bethan Davies ◽  
Chris Hollis ◽  
Cris Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Children And Young People

Background The prevalence of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been increasing over the last four decades. Nonpharmacological interventions are available that can improve outcomes and reduce associated symptoms such as anxiety, but these are often difficult to access. Children and young people are using the internet and digital technology at higher rates than any other demographic, but although Web-based interventions have the potential to improve health outcomes in those with long-term conditions, no previous reviews have investigated the effectiveness of Web-based interventions delivered to children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders. Objective This study aimed to review the effectiveness of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Web-based interventions delivered to children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods Six databases and one trial register were searched in August and September 2018. RCTs were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Interventions were included if they (1) aimed to improve the diagnostic symptomology of the targeted neurodevelopmental disorder or associated psychological symptoms as measured by a valid and reliable outcome measure; (2) were delivered on the Web; (3) targeted a youth population (aged ≤18 years or reported a mean age of ≤18 years) with a diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder. Methodological quality was rated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for RCTs. Results Of 5140 studies retrieved, 10 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Half of the interventions were delivered to children and young people with ASDs with the other five targeting ADHD, tic disorder, dyscalculia, and specific learning disorder. In total, 6 of the 10 trials found that a Web-based intervention was effective in improving condition-specific outcomes or reducing comorbid psychological symptoms in children and young people. The 4 trials that failed to find an effect were all delivered by apps. The meta-analysis was conducted on five of the trials and did not show a significant effect, with a high level of heterogeneity detected (n=182 [33.4%, 182/545], 5 RCTs; pooled standardized mean difference=–0.39; 95% CI –0.98 to 0.20; Z=–1.29; P=.19 [I2=72%; P=.006]). Conclusions Web-based interventions can be effective in reducing symptoms in children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders; however, caution should be taken when interpreting these findings owing to methodological limitations, the minimal number of papers retrieved, and small samples of included studies. Overall, the number of studies was small and mainly limited to ASD, thus restricting the generalizability of the findings. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: CRD42018108824; http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018108824

scholarly journals Media in human life – their role and significance for social development and functioning1

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Hanna Rugała
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The media serve as a tool used for transmitting information, as well as a centre of social life. There is no doubt that over time they also became one of the most dominant areas of activity for children and young people. The paper aims to present the role and importance of the media in the lives of every human being, with particular emphasis on the young generation. The author takes a closer look at the media as an educational environment shaping society’s behaviour and way of thinking. The paper also outlines several examples of the impact and consequences that the use of mass media has on health and social functioning.

scholarly journals Improving mental health literacy among young people aged 11–15 years in Java, Indonesia: the co-development of a culturally-appropriate, user-centred resource (The IMPeTUs Intervention)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Brooks ◽  
Armaji Kamaludi Syarif ◽  
Rebecca Pedley ◽  
Irman Irmansyah ◽  
Benny Prawira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Young People ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Mental Health Literacy ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Children And Young People

Abstract Background Many mental health problems emerge in late childhood and contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. Adverse outcomes can extend into adulthood if left untreated. This impact is exacerbated in low- and middle-income countries where significant treatment gaps persist. Improving mental health literacy may offer an effective strategy for early intervention but remains underexplored in these contexts. Methods An intervention was co-developed with children and young people (CYP) by undertaking a needs analysis combined with stakeholder consensus activities. A systematic review of mental health literacy interventions in South-East Asia was undertaken in addition to semi-structured interviews with 43 children and young people (19 with and 24 without experience of anxiety and depression), 19 parents of children with experience of mental health problems and 25 education and health professionals. A focus group was also held with 8 key stakeholders immersed nationally in policy and practice. Interview schedules explored participants’ experiences of mental health, unmet needs and priorities for intervention. Data were synthesised and presented at a 3-day co-production workshop. Attendees included 13 CYP, 6 parents/guardians, 2 teachers, 8 health professionals, 2 academics and 3 game designers. Consensus exercises were utilised to identify the preferred format, content and delivery of the intervention. A smaller group of patient and public involvement contributors worked with designers to further iterate the intervention. Results An immersive storyline digital application was co-developed for young people aged 11–15 with the primary aim of improving mental health literacy and self-management. The intervention comprises two chapters; one depression focussed, and the other anxiety focussed. The storyline format is interspersed with interactive games and exercises to promote engagement and encourage self-management. CYP also take part in group sessions delivered by trained facilitators before and after intervention use to discuss outcomes of and issues raised during the game. Conclusion The IMPeTUs intervention has been co-designed for CYP aged 11–15 to improve mental health literacy and enhance self-management abilities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Indonesian digital intervention to improve mental health literacy and self-management for this population. Implementation, acceptability, and impact are currently being explored in a multi-site case study evaluation.

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