Despising the weak

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

In Germany, paediatrics evolved at the end of the 19th century in an atmosphere of social Darwinism and nationalism which paved the way towards elimination of handicapped infants. Killing handicapped children was organized in Hitler’s Chancellery from 1939, targeting infants with idiocy and mongolism, micro- or hydrocephaly, malformed limbs, head, or spine, and palsies. A system of reporting and rating such infants was established, leading to their admission to one of 30 ‘Special Children’s Departments’. There, sedatives were applied in a dose depressing respiration which led to a slow death disguised as natural. A hundred physicians were directly involved in killing, and many more including eminent paediatricians in reporting infants. After the war, court trials were initiated, but usually discontinued. Physicians involved in murdering children continued to teach and to conduct research on the victims’ brains. Their textbooks conveyed little compassion for the weak, malformed, and handicapped. There was widespread unwillingness to keep preterm infants alive. When from 1960 artificial ventilation of neonates became possible, opposition against it persisted. Despising the weak was an enduring legacy of Nazism that may have delayed the introduction of modern neonatology in Europe.

Content and Consistency in the Endogenous Depressive Pattern

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (486) ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul H. Rosenthal ◽  
Gerald L. Klerman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychotic Depression ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mourning And Melancholia ◽  
The Way

As currently used, the diagnosis of depression includes a wide range of clinical phenomena. This has not always been the case. Near the end of the 19th century, when the term depression began to evolve the meanings that it has today it was applied primarily to psychotics. The formulations of Freud in Mourning and Melancholia (1917), and of Kraepelin in Manic Depressive Insanity (1921) were based upon observations of patients who were both depressed and psychotic. In their work the contrast was between psychotic depression (or “melancholia”) on one hand, and normal sadness on the other. In the succeeding half-century, however, as psychiatry has extended its boundaries, increasing attention has been focused on non-psychotic depressions, often called “neurotic” or “reactive.” As these “neurotic” or “reactive” depressions reached public attention, a debate began over the way in which the depressive population should be described and the extent to which it should be subdivided. Critical and often sarcastic written battles were fought between the separatists and the unifiers during the 1920's and 1930's. These debates have been informatively chronicled by Partridge (1949). We have found it useful to divide these theorists into unifiers, dualists, and pluralists.

scholarly journals ROME AND CARTHAGE BY A.V. TIMOFEEV: ON THE PROBLEM OF THE GENESIS OF “HISTORICAL FANTASY” AS A GENRE VARIETY OF RUSSIAN ROMANTIC DRAMA OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-163
Author(s):  
ARKADII MAN'KOVSKII
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Romantic Drama ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Fantasy ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

The paper explores the genre of scarcely studied play by Russian minor writer Alexei V. Timofeev (1812-1883) Rome and Carthage (1837). Timofeev’s contemporary literary critic Osip Senkovskii treated like poet’s failure his use of romantic techniques in the play on ancient plot. Taking into account this opinion the paper analyzes the paratextual elements in the play, the way of describing characters, the division of the play into acts, the connection of the plot events with historical facts. The paper argues that the play approaches the kind of romantic drama, which the author suggests to call “historical fantasy” Its main feature is the coexisting in the plot mythology and religious tradition, on the one hand, and historical events, on the other, the heroes of historical chronicles and the heroes of folk legends, belief in miracles and rationalism. The goal of historical fantasy is to produce a generalized image of the time, to convey the spirit of the epoch while the dramatic action takes a secondary place. Samples of the genre were given in the works of Alexander A. Shakhovskoi, Alexander I. Gertsen, Apollon N. Maikov. Timofeev’s play was just in the way to this kind of drama.

scholarly journals Between prophecies and prognoses: Januário da Cunha Barbosa, slavery, and the future of the nation (1830-1836)

Tempo ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo José Zioni Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Literate Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

This article aims at understanding the role played by the discussions about slavery and slave trafficking in the literate culture of Brazil in the 19th century, especially regarding the forms of figuring out the future of the nation. The way Canon Januário da Cunha Barbosa, an important politician and an illustrated intellectual, related projections of the future of the nation and treated the slavery issue (from 1830 to 1836) is analyzed. We discuss the use of projection modalities: prophecy and prognosis. Through them, Januário was involved in political discussions regarding the end of slave trafficking, and made political use of the Malê Revolt and Haitianism. The constitution of a horizon of antislavery expectation is indicated by the Canon, which is seen as one of the reasons to create the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute (1838).

scholarly journals From Pausanias to Baedeker and Trip Advisor: Textual proto-tourism and the engendering of tourism distribution channels

Turyzm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Vicky Katsoni ◽  
Anna Fyta
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Digital Storytelling ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
The Core ◽  
Textual Strategies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Way

The key aim of this article is to provide an interdisciplinary look at tourism and its diachronic textual threads bequeathed by the ‘proto-tourist’ texts of the Greek travel author Pausanias. Using the periegetic, travel texts from his voluminous Description of Greece (2nd century CE) as a springboard for our presentation, we intend to show how the textual strategies employed by Pausanias have been received and still remain at the core of contemporary series of travel guides first authored by Karl Baedeker (in the 19th century). After Baedeker, Pausanias’ textual travel tropes, as we will show, still inform the epistemology of modern-day tourism; the interaction of travel texts with travel information and distribution channels produces generic hybrids, and the ancient Greek travel authors have paved the way for the construction of networks, digital storytelling and global tourist platforms.

scholarly journals Lârandali Shânî’s Avâmilin Verse

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-376
Author(s):  
İdris Söylemez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

With the spread of Islam among communities belonging to different languages and cultures, it has become essential for Muslims to learn the language of Islamic sources. Some scholars, who were aware of this situation, have tried to close the gap in the field by producing works on the language and grammar of Arabic since the first period of their conversion to Islam. One of these works is al-Avamilu'l-Mi'e, which was written by ‘Abd al-Kâhir al-Jurjânî (d. 471/1078), an Iranian-origin Arabic language scholar. Since the first period, a lot of work has been done on this work in prose or verse in the form of translation and commentary in different languages, especially Arabic, Persian and Turkish. The first of these works awâmil, written by Muhammad b. Hishâm Hirawî (d. 737/1337). It is composed in a Persian verse in 30 couplets. Since the 10th century in the Anatolian, many studies have been carried out, especially in prose, in the field where Turkish is spoken. Especially, studies on different subjects and forms carried out in the Anatolian field since the 19th century attract attention. One of the poets who continued this verse tradition, which started with Birgiwi (d.981/1573), was one of the poets of the 19th century, LârandaliShânî. This work was aconcise translation of Awamil-I Jurjaniby Shâni. I also examine the way in which Shanî deals with the awamil in it and introduce the work in terms of its form and content as well as present the work’s transcription.

Papinius, Pomponius oder Pompilius (p. 120 FPL4 Bl.)?

Mnemosyne ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-666
Author(s):  
Markus Stachon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe epigram on Casca and his amica senex (p. 120 FPL4 Bl.), whose author’s name is given by the manuscripts of Varro L. 7.28 as Papinius and by those of Priscian Inst. Gramm. 3.11 as Pomponius or Pompnius, is to be attributed to Pompilius, whom Varro also cites in two other places (L. 7.93; Men. frg. 356 A.). Pompilius is not to be considered a tragedian but a writer of early satura following in the footsteps of Ennius and Pacuvius and paving the way for Lucilius. The evidence for this thesis, which was already stated in the 19th century but has been disregarded in recent times, is collected and vindicated.

Hegel, China, and the 19th Century Europeanization of Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 18-37
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

I clarify Hegel’s role in the Europeanization of philosophy over the course of the 19th century. I begin with an investigation of the way non-Western philosophy was conceptualized in Europe before, and after, I move on to a consideration of the debates about philosophy that emerged in late 19th century China because of European attempts, such as that of Hegel, to circumscribe the geographical and civilizational scope of this discipline. How may we see the emergence of a distinctly modern, generally nationalist, discourse about “Chinese philosophy” within China as a reflection of larger global processes then taking place?

UGOVORI KARAKTERISTIČNI ZA AGRARNE ODNOSE U CRNOJ GORI TOKOM XIX VEKA

2021 ◽  
pp. 425-433
Author(s):  
Biljana Gavrilović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
General Property ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

The paper analyzes the contracts characteristic of agrarian relations, which were regulated by the General Property Code of Montenegro; specifically the agreement "on work and assistance on loan and without loan" and „sprega“ and „supona“ (different forms of cede the animals). „Sprega“ and „supona“ were special in the way that they were not regulated in any other code, except in the General Property Code of Montenegro. The creator of the General Property Code of Montenegro, Valtazar Bogišić, regulated „spregu“ and „suponu“, but also the contract "on work and assistance on a loan and without a loan" according to the model of customary law. In other words, certain agreements characteristic of agrarian relations in Montenegro during the 19th century were legally regulated thanks to Bogišić's application of incorporation methods. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to point out the once important, and today almost forgotten contracts, ie. services.

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