UGOVORI KARAKTERISTIČNI ZA AGRARNE ODNOSE U CRNOJ GORI TOKOM XIX VEKA

The paper analyzes the contracts characteristic of agrarian relations, which were regulated by the General Property Code of Montenegro; specifically the agreement "on work and assistance on loan and without loan" and „sprega“ and „supona“ (different forms of cede the animals). „Sprega“ and „supona“ were special in the way that they were not regulated in any other code, except in the General Property Code of Montenegro. The creator of the General Property Code of Montenegro, Valtazar Bogišić, regulated „spregu“ and „suponu“, but also the contract "on work and assistance on a loan and without a loan" according to the model of customary law. In other words, certain agreements characteristic of agrarian relations in Montenegro during the 19th century were legally regulated thanks to Bogišić's application of incorporation methods. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to point out the once important, and today almost forgotten contracts, ie. services.

Transitivity on a continuum: the transitivity index as a predictor of Spanish causatives

This paper contributes to the study of transitivity as a general property of the clause. Unlike most previous work on the subject, however, transitivity in the present article is used to study a lexical alternation, namely the two causative predicates dejar ‘let’ and hacer ‘make’ in Spanish. To do this, I use the transitivity index (TI), a weighted continuous measure of transitivity based on Hopper and Thompson’s (1980, transitivity in grammar and discourse, Language 56, 251–299) transitivity parameters. The advantage of the TI is that it assigns different weights to each of the transitivity parameters and it is therefore sensitive to the particular construction it is applied to. I show that the TI can correctly predict the two Spanish causatives dejar ‘let’ and hacer ‘make’ with 80% accuracy and demonstrate that hacer is associated with higher transitivity contexts. In addition, linguistic features of the causer such as grammatical person and number are found to help distinguish between the two predicates. The finding that a lexical alternation can be reduced to a difference in transitivity raises important questions regarding the structure of the lexicon and the type of information it may contain.

Boundary Topological Entanglement Entropy in Two and Three Dimensions

The topological entanglement entropy is used to measure long-range quantum correlations in the ground space of topological phases. Here we obtain closed form expressions for the topological entropy of (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional loop gas models, both in the bulk and at their boundaries, in terms of the data of their input fusion categories and algebra objects. Central to the formulation of our results are generalized $${\mathcal {S}}$$ S -matrices. We conjecture a general property of these $${\mathcal {S}}$$ S -matrices, with proofs provided in many special cases. This includes constructive proofs for categories up to rank 5.

A protocol for modelling generalised biological responses using latent variables in structural equation models

In this paper, we consider the problem of how to quantitatively characterise the degree to which a study object exhibits a generalised response. By generalised response, we mean a multivariate response where numerous individual properties change in concerted fashion due to some internal integration. In latent variable structural equation modelling (LVSEM), we would typically approach this situation using a latent variable to represent a general property of interest (e.g. performance) and multiple observed indicator variables that reflect the specific features associated with that general property. While ecologists have used LVSEM in a number of cases, there is substantial potential for its wider application. One obstacle is that LV models can be complex and easily over-specified, degrading their value as a means of generalisation. It can also be challenging to diagnose causes of misspecification and understand which model modifications are sensible. In this paper, we present a protocol, consisting of a series of questions, designed to guide the researchers through the evaluation process. These questions address: (1) theoretical development, (2) data requirements, (3) whether responses to perturbation are general, (4) unique reactions by individual measures and (5) how far generality can be extended. For this illustration, we reference a recent study considering the potential consequences of maintaining biodiversity as part of agricultural management on the overall quality of grapes used for wine-making. We extend our presentation to include the complexities that occur when there are multiple species with unique reactions.

Types of communication activities

The article deals with the presence of a fairly large number of types of communication activities. The study tells about the two-way nature of language communication. determines the presence of different roles performed by the individuals participating in it. Each of these roles, which we will call types of communicative or linguistic activity, is a complex psychophysiological complex with a pronounced specificity. The same general property of communication implies the presence of two groups of types of communicative activity: productive types associated with the transmission or production of a message, and receptive types serving the receiving end of the communication line. The distinction between the productive and the receptive in language communication is, therefore, not a terminological excess, but a fact of primary importance, arising from the very nature of language information exchange. The second factor complicating the communicative activity of the members of the language team is the presence of two forms of language communication: sound (oral) and written. The coexistence and frequent alternation of two forms of language communication makes it necessary to "translate" written messages into sound and sound into written ones, which is associated with the presence of two specific types of communicative activity: reading aloud and writing speech. The third factor that contributes to the diversity of roles performed by individuals in language communication is the multiplicity of sound and written languages on our planet. To serve the exchange of information between multilingual teams, there are special types of communication activities associated with translation from one sound or written language to another. However, the article does not claim to cover all the necessary material.

The aboutness of language and the evolution of the construction-ready brain

The chapter presents the hypothesis that early Homo sapiens were language-ready in the sense that they had brains that could have supported language had it already been developed, but were not yet language-using. Informed by data from comparative neuroprimatology, the approach sees protolanguage emerging from complex recognition and imitation of manual skills via biocultural evolution, while cultural evolution alone supported the emergence of language from protolanguage. This approach supports the view that the Homo sapiens language-ready brain had the more general property of being construction-ready, and that this made possible the emergence of drawing and painting through later cultural evolution.

Dipeptides are minimalistic but sufficient for liquid-liquid phase separation

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins mediates the assembly of biomolecular condensates involved in physiological and pathological processes. Identifying the minimalistic building blocks and the sequence determinant of protein phase separation is of urgent importance but remains challenging due to the enormous sequence space and difficulties of existing methodologies in characterizing the phase behavior of ultrashort peptides. Here we demonstrate computational tools to efficiently quantify the microscopic fluidity and density of liquid-condensates/solid-aggregates and the temperature-dependent phase diagram of peptides. Utilizing our approaches, we comprehensively predict the LLPS abilities of all 400 dipeptide combinations of coded amino acids based on 492 micro-second molecular dynamics simulations, and observe the occurrences of spontaneous LLPS. We identify 54 dipeptides that form solid-like aggregates and three categories of dipeptides with high LLPS propensity. Our predictions are validated by turbidity assays and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy on four representative dipeptides (WW, QW, GF, and VI). Phase coexistence diagrams are constructed to explore the temperature dependence of LLPS. Our results reveal that aromatic moieties are crucial for a dipeptide to undergo LLPS, and hydrophobic and polar components are indispensable. We demonstrate for the first time that dipeptides, minimal but complete, possess multivalent interactions sufficient for LLPS, suggesting that LLPS is a general property of peptides/proteins, independent of their sequence length. This study provides a computational and experimental approach to the prediction and characterization of the phase behavior of minimalistic peptides, and will be helpful for understanding the sequence-dependence and molecular mechanism of protein phase separation.SignificanceProtein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is associated with human health and diseases. Identifying the minimalistic building blocks and sequence determinants of LLPS is of urgent importance but remains computationally challenging partially due to the lack of methodologies characterizing the liquid condensates. Herein we provide approaches to evaluate LLPS ability of dipeptides, and screen all 400 dipeptides by MD simulations combined with multi-bead-per-residue models which capture key interactions driving LLPS that are missing in one-bead-per-residue models. Three categories of LLPS dipeptides are identified and the experimentally-verified QW dipeptide is by far the smallest LLPS system. Our results suggest that dipeptides, minimal but complete, possess multivalent interactions sufficient for LLPS, and LLPS is a general property of peptides/proteins, independent of their length.

Is Reconsolidation a General Property of Memory?

Memory reconsolidation holds great hope for memory modification approaches and clinical treatments of mental disorders associated with maladaptive memories. However, it remains controversial as to whether reconsolidation is a general property of all types of memory. Especially, discrepancies have been reported in research focusing on whether declarative memory undergoes reconsolidation, and whether old memories can be reorganized after retrieval. Here, we discuss how these inconsistent results can be reconciled and what information we need to uncover for the general use of reconsolidation.

The Grounds of Relative Title

Since it is not possible to fully understand a rule unless one understands its grounds, this chapter seeks to identify the grounds of the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors. It argues that there is a genuine obligation-based reason for conferring a right to exclude on possessors who owe a special duty to keep the chattel safe, but that this is not, and has not been regarded by the law as, a reason to institute rules that confer general property interests on possessors generally. The chapter goes on to argue that the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors are primarily based on the genuine need to provide greater certainty over title to chattels and (unregistered) land and greater security to those who possess or deal with such things.

Possession and Title to Chattels

This chapter considers the nature of the title that is acquired through taking possession of a chattel. It argues that the possessor acquires a general property interest in respect of the chattel. This is an alienable proprietary interest that is capable of lasting forever, will survive a loss of possession, and includes a right to exclude the world at large. The chapter explains that this argument is compatible with (a) the law concerning the jus tertii; and (b) the rule that a possessor must be presumed, for certain purposes, to be the ‘absolute and complete owner’ of the chattel, unless a person with a better right can be identified.