Incidence and Performance of Multiple-Leadered Seedlings of Black and White Spruce in Canadian Nurseries

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Hofstra ◽  
Cathy M. McLeod ◽  
John Ensing
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Multiple Leaders ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract The incidence of multiple leaders in spruce seedlings was assessed in Ontario nurseries from 1980 to 1984 and in provincial nurseries across Canada in 1982. The occurrence of multiple-leadered seedlings averaged 30 to 40% and at times exceeded 50%. In northern Ontario nurseries, frosts and winter injury appeared responsible. Terminal bud injury resulted in 50 to 90% multiple leadering. In southern Ontario the formation of abnormal buds was the principle cause of multiple-leadered seedlings. The highest incidence of abnormal bud formation was most frequently found in 2 + 0 white spruce. Although 20 to 30% shorter, multiple-leadered seedlings of black and white spruce had the same total shoot weight and root collar diameter as normal seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 5:99-103, June 1988.

QUALITY APPRAISAL OF WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE PINE SEEDLING STOCK IN NURSERIES

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dickson ◽  
Albert L. Leaf ◽  
John F. Hosner
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quality Appraisal ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Integrated Index ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Collar

Total seedling weight, shoot weight and root weight in grams on an oven dry basis, root collar diameter in millimeters, and height in centimeters were used to develop an integrated index of seedling quality.

Survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings in relation to stock type, site preparation and plantation type in southeastern Manitoba

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
J. Aurea Siemens ◽  
Vince Keenan ◽  
Daniel Philippot
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Open Versus ◽  
Root Collar

Differences in survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites were tested for stock types (transplant versus container), site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching), and plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern Manitoba after eight or nine growing seasons. Mortality of open plantation (32.3%) and container stock (32.5%) were significantly higher than sheltered plantation (23.7%) and transplant stock (22.8%), respectively. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Seedlings of container stock (110 cm) were significantly shorter than transplant stock (157 cm). Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Root collar diameter of container stock (15.6 mm) was significantly smaller than transplant stock (23.1 mm). Root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than that in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm3) compare to black spruce sheltered (210 cm3) and white spruce open (175 cm3) and sheltered (229 cm3) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. Container stock had smaller volume (89 cm3) than transplant stock (267 cm3). For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm3) than open plantations (204 cm3). Based on above results, we recommend that (1) transplant stock should be used, (2) sheltered plantation site preparation should be used on boreal mixedwood sites, and (3) Donaren disc-trenching is not necessary for planting white spruce. Key words: silviculture, boreal mixedwood site, plantation

scholarly journals Genetic Parameters for Bud Flushing and Growth Characteristics of White Spruce Seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias M. Rweyongeza ◽  
Francis C. Yeh ◽  
N. K. Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Type B ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bud Flushing ◽  
Root Collar

AbstractWe estimated heritabilities and correlations for bud flushing and growth traits of white spruce seedlings, and the correlations of seedling traits with 10- and 11- year height of the same families in the field. The seedling greenhouse experiment had a randomized complete block design with 30 replications, 58 open-pollinated families and single-tree plots. Individual tree heritability (hi2) was 0.78 and 0.54 for 18 (H18) and 36 (H36)-week total height, respectively. The corresponding heritabilities for family means (hf2) were 0.91 and 0.82. For root collar diameter, hi 2 were respectively, 0.61 and 0.22 at 24 and 54 weeks from germination. The corresponding hf2were 0.87 and 0.55. Heritability for bud flushing ranged from 0.13 to 0.46 (hi2) and 0.44 to 0.83 (hf 2). The genetic correlation (ra) between H18 and H36 was 0.70 and that of D24 and D54 was 0.89, indicating a substantial change in family ranking in one growing season. The type B genetic correlation for H18 with field heights ranged from 0.22 to 0.30. Type B genetic correlations of field height with all other seedling traits were very low and largely negative. It can be concluded that: (1) age-age correlation of seedling height can be expected to decline drastically even in a stable environment of the greenhouse, (2) heritability for growth potential is meaningful when estimated on cumulative growth not on individual annual growth increments that are susceptible to short-term environmental variation, (3) dates of bud flushing did not influence variation in height and root collar diameter, and (4) field growth potential is better predicted by greenhouse growth potential than other morphological and shoot phenological traits.

scholarly journals Effect of seedbed steaming on Cylindrocladium floridanum, soil microbes and the development of white pine seedlings

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Dumas ◽  
S. Greifenhagen ◽  
G. Halicki-Hayden ◽  
T.R. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Cylindrocladium Floridanum ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Collar

The Egedal® bed steamer produced sufficient heat to kill mierosclerotia of Cylindrocladium floridanum at 5 and 10 cm soil depths in one bareroot forest seedling nursery. At a second nursery, the buried inoculum was killed only to a depth of 5 cm. Soil steaming did not affect the mierosclerotia at 15 cm. The steaming reduced populations of fluorescent pseudomonas to undetectable levels to a depth of 20 cm and populations of Trichoderma species were significantly reduced in the upper 10 cm of the seedbed. Density of white pine seedlings sown in the steamed beds was significantly higher (P= 0.05), and height, root collar diameter, shoot weight and root weight were significantly greater (P= 0.05) 4 months after steaming than that of control seedlings sown in unsteamed beds.

Effect of supplemental light intensity on white spruce, Engelmann spruce, and mountain hemlock seedlings grown under an extended photoperiod

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Arnott ◽  
D. E. Macey
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Sodium Vapour

Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, Piceaengelmannii Parry and Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carr. were grown in an unheated "shelterhouse" container nursery, with a high pressure sodium vapour lamp providing a 19-h photoperiod and light intensities of 1600, 800, 400, 200, and 100 lx. The control seedlings received natural daylight and photoperiod. None of the light intensities effectively prevented terminal bud formation in the first two species while no terminal buds were formed at the 1600 lx level in the third one. Higher light intensities delayed the bud forming process in the first and third species, produced significant differences in the number of stem units of the first two, and resulted in larger mean stem unit lengths of the last two species. The longest seedling shoots of all three species were grown under light intensities of 800, 100, and 400 lx, respectively. There were no significant differences in seedling shoot weight, root weight, and root collar diameter among the five light intensity levels used to extend the photoperiod in the first growing season. Light intensity had little effect on 2-year shoot growth of all three species.

scholarly journals Seedling Spacing in the Nursery in Relation to Growth, Yield, and Performance of Stock

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

In three experiments coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) were grown at a range of spacings, within drills 15 cm apart, at four nurseries in coastal British Columbia. In a fourth experiment the frequency distribution of seed spacings achieved with three types of precision seeders was examined.A 1 cm increase in spacing increased seedling dry weight by 0.5–1.5 g and root collar diameter by 0.2–0.25 mm. up to a spacing of about 8–10 cm. Above this spacing response was less. Height of two-year old (2-0) seedlings was increased little, or even decreased by wider spacing. Height:diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot:root dry weight ratios decreased or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primorida in 2-0 Douglas-fir buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm. The number of first and second order branches was also increased in 2-0 seedlings of this species by wider spacing. Needle dry weight and area measurements suggested Douglas-fir from wider spacing had more sun type needles than those from closer spacing, which had more shade type needles. Only small increases in root growth capacity (RGC) were associated with wider spacing. None of the precision seeders tested achieved anything like perfect precision of seed placement. With irregularity added by 10–20% non-viable seed and winter mortality, truly precision spaced stands of 2-0 seedlings could not be achieved under existing conditions. Increased spacing of 2–5 cm between seedlings, depending on species and nursery, was justified by yield of acceptable seedlings when culling standard was increased to a root collar diameter of about 6 mm.Three years after planting, survival of white spruce was increased 11% by wider spacing in the nursery, and the corresponding value for Sitka spruce two years after planting was 13%. Seedlings of both species from wider spacings maintained a height and diameter advantage over those from close spacing.

Effect of Some Seedling Morphology and Planting Quality Variables on Seedling Survival in the Georgia Piedmont

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
Bruce E. Borders ◽  
Henry H. Page ◽  
Steven M. Raper
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Georgia Piedmont ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract A seedling survival study for site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations, consisting of 43 locations, was established during two planting seasons in 1986-87 in the Georgia Piedmont. Seedlings with top lengths less than 15 cm and with root collar diameters less than 2.5 mm survived significantly worse than larger seedlings, but such small seedlings comprised less than 2% of seedlings bagged and planted in the study. Culling in the field to eliminate such a small percentage of seedlings in addition to culling already done at the nursery is probably not worth the expense from a survival standpoint. Terminal bud condition was not related to survival. Seedlings planted deeper than root collar diameter survived the same as seedlings planted at root collar depth, but shallow planted seedlings had significantly poorer survival. Very loosely planted seedlings were more likely to die than firmly planted seedlings, but slightly loose seedlings survived as well as tightly planted seedlings. Differences between operationally planted and experimentally planted plots indicated that an average 10% increase in survival was possible from close planting crew supervision. Over 90% of first-year mortality occurred on both operationally and experimentally planted plots by the end of July. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):109-114.

scholarly journals Armillaria Root Rot Damage in Softwood Plantations in Ontario

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Annual Mortality

Armillaria root rot. caused most likely by Armillaria obscura (Pers) Herink, killed 6-to 21-year-old white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and red pine saplings in each of 49 plantations examined in northern Ontario. Annual mortality in the four species over the last 2 to 6 years averaged 1.4%, 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. In all but one of 25 white spruce and red pine plantations (43 to 58 years old) in eastern and southern Ontario. Armillaria root rot was associated with mortality. Accumulated mortality in white spruce and red pine (initially recorded in 1978) averaged 7.6% and 11.7%, respectively, as of 1986. Current annual mortality for all plantations ranged from 0% to 16%. Key words: root rot. Armillaria obscura, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine.

scholarly journals Effects of timing of glyphosate application on jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce plantations in northern Manitoba

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songling Fu ◽  
Han Y.H. Chen ◽  
F. Wayne Bell ◽  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Jeff R Delaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Deferring conifer release treatments is sometimes necessary, but its effects on crop tree performance are not well understood. We investigated the effects of deferring glyphosate applications on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP), and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench.] Voss.) plantations established on a dry site with moderate competition and a moist site with heavier competition in The Pas, northern Manitoba. At each site, experimental treatments included no herbicide and one glyphosate (formulated as Vision®) at 1.42 kg acid equivalent glyphosate ha-1 application between one and five years after planting with three replications. Survival, root collar diameter, and height of the three conifers were repeatedly measured for ten consecutive years following planting. Survival of the three conifers was not affected by glyphosate application. For all the three species, root collar diameter and stand volume of crop trees increased significantly in glyphosate-treated plots, compared to control plots. Varying the timing of glyphosate application between year 1 and 5 resulted in a similar conifer dimensions. Glyphosate application significantly improved height growth of black spruce and marginally white spruce, but not jack pine. On these sites, glyphosate reduced the cover of woody species, but grass, forbs and shrubs rapidly captured the newly available growing space. A two variable regression analysis revealed that grass cover negatively affected stand volume of all three conifer species. Cover of tall shrub, forbs, and interaction of cover and height of tall shrubs were the next most important variables to explain jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce volume growth, respectively. Key words: vegetation management, forest herbicides, survival, growth, stand volume, long-term repeated measurements

Morphological Effects of Root Pruning and Wrenching White Spruce Transplants

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-247
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Buse ◽  
Robert J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract The principal objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of root pruning followed by wrenching on the morphological quality of 2 + 2 white spruce transplant stock during the final year on the nursery. In 1984, white spruce transplants were root pruned: (1) before shoot elongation; (2) during elongation; and (3) after elongation, followed by root wrenching at 28-day intervals until September (4, 3, and 2 times, respectively). In 1985, similar stock was root pruned before shoot elongation and (1) root wrenched at 21-day intervals (4 times), and (2) root wrenched periodically (twice). In both years, height and root collar diameter growth were monitored throughout the season. In the fall, morphological quality was assessed and bud samples were collected to determine the effects of root conditioning on primordia development. Root conditioning modified the morphology of stock in both years by reducing height and root collar diameter and inducing the development of a compact fibrous root system. Early season root pruning followed by wrenching at regular intervals throughout the growing season had the most effect on shoot and root morphology. Differences in results between years were attributed to environment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:245-247, December 1988.

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